Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2025, Croatia's road diesel supply was 262 kt: 45% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Italy (21%), Slovenia (20%) and Greece (12%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Azerbaijan (29%), Kazakhstan (9%) and Angola (9%), and 31% cannot be traced.
Country
Azerbaijan76 kt (est. 29%)Kazakhstan23 kt (est. 9%)Angola23 kt (est. 9%)Libya18 kt (est. 7%)Iraq12 kt (est. 5%)Russia5.8 kt (est. 2%)Saudi Arabia5.4 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins16 kt (est. 6%)Slovenia: no refinery52 kt (20%)Croatia: crude not from imports22 kt (9%)Italy: crude not from imports4.4 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.2 kt (1%)Croatia (own refineries)118 kt (45%)Italy55 kt (21%)Slovenia52 kt (20%)Greece30 kt (12%)Hungary7.5 kt (3%)Croatia: road diesel supply262 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Croatia (own refineries)
- Italy
- Slovenia
- Greece
- Hungary
- Azerbaijan76 kt (est. 29%)
- Kazakhstan23 kt (est. 9%)
- Angola23 kt (est. 9%)
- Libya18 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq12 kt (est. 5%)
- Russia5.8 kt (est. 2%)
- Saudi Arabia5.4 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins16 kt (est. 6%)
- Slovenia: no refinery52 kt (20%)
- Croatia: crude not from imports22 kt (9%)
- Italy: crude not from imports4.4 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.2 kt (1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Apr 2025)
23.5 thousand tonnes
est. 9% of Croatia's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported23 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Croatia (own refineries)8.0 kt (est. 34%)
- Greece7.8 kt (est. 33%)
- Italy7.7 kt (est. 33%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Croatia (own refineries) | Croatia: road diesel supply | 117,500 | 44.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Italy | Croatia: road diesel supply | 54,500 | 20.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Croatia: road diesel supply | 52,100 | 19.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Croatia: road diesel supply | 30,300 | 11.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Croatia: road diesel supply | 7,500 | 2.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Azerbaijan | Croatia (own refineries) | 65,218 | 55.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 52,100 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Croatia: crude not from imports | Croatia (own refineries) | 22,295 | 19.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Angola | Croatia (own refineries) | 21,952 | 18.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 14,109 | 25.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 12,713 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 9,238 | 16.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Greece | 8,917 | 29.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Croatia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Croatia (own refineries) | 8,036 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 7,765 | 25.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Croatia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 7,672 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Hungary | 5,810 | 77.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Croatia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 5,491 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Croatia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy | 4,372 | 8.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Italy | 3,281 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 3,152 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Croatia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 2,277 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Croatia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 2,221 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Greece | 1,675 | 5.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 1,504 | 20.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 1,024 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Croatia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Italy | 895 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Hungary | 186 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Croatia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Croatia’s supply of road diesel in 2025-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2025-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-02 to 2025-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Slovenia: no refinery (52,100 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Croatia: crude not from imports (22,295 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Italy: crude not from imports (4,372 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (3,179 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.