Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2025, Croatia's road diesel supply was 289 kt: 37% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Italy (34%) and Slovenia (22%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Azerbaijan (27%), Kazakhstan (16%) and Libya (11%), and 26% cannot be traced.
Country
Azerbaijan77 kt (est. 27%)Kazakhstan45 kt (est. 16%)Libya33 kt (est. 11%)Nigeria15 kt (est. 5%)Iraq9.7 kt (est. 3%)Russia7.1 kt (est. 2%)Saudi Arabia6.4 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins20 kt (est. 7%)Slovenia: no refinery62 kt (22%)Italy: crude not from imports12 kt (4%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.4 kt (<1%)Croatia (own refineries)106 kt (37%)Italy97 kt (34%)Slovenia62 kt (22%)Greece14 kt (5%)Hungary9.3 kt (3%)Croatia: road diesel supply289 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Croatia (own refineries)
- Italy
- Slovenia
- Greece
- Hungary
- Azerbaijan77 kt (est. 27%)
- Kazakhstan45 kt (est. 16%)
- Libya33 kt (est. 11%)
- Nigeria15 kt (est. 5%)
- Iraq9.7 kt (est. 3%)
- Russia7.1 kt (est. 2%)
- Saudi Arabia6.4 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins20 kt (est. 7%)
- Slovenia: no refinery62 kt (22%)
- Italy: crude not from imports12 kt (4%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.4 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Jun 2025)
44.8 thousand tonnes
est. 16% of Croatia's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported45 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Croatia (own refineries)25 kt (est. 56%)
- Italy15 kt (est. 33%)
- Greece4.5 kt (est. 10%)
and 1 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Croatia (own refineries) | Croatia: road diesel supply | 106,000 | 36.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Italy | Croatia: road diesel supply | 96,800 | 33.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Croatia: road diesel supply | 62,200 | 21.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Croatia: road diesel supply | 14,400 | 5.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Croatia: road diesel supply | 9,300 | 3.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 62,200 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Azerbaijan | Croatia (own refineries) | 57,996 | 54.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Croatia (own refineries) | 25,047 | 23.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 19,066 | 19.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 18,969 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 18,208 | 18.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 14,586 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy | 12,068 | 12.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Croatia (own refineries) | 11,478 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Croatia (own refineries) | 11,478 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Hungary | 7,051 | 75.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Croatia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 5,005 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 4,978 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Greece | 4,682 | 32.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Croatia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 4,482 | 31.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Croatia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 3,920 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 2,039 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Croatia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 1,770 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Croatia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 1,427 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Croatia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 1,421 | 15.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 687 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Croatia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 141 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Croatia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Croatia’s supply of road diesel in 2025-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2025-06 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-04 to 2025-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Slovenia: no refinery (62,200 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Italy: crude not from imports (12,068 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,421 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.