Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2024, Croatia's road diesel supply was 268 kt: 7% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Italy (57%), Slovenia (17%) and Bulgaria (14%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Azerbaijan (15%), Libya (11%) and Kazakhstan (9%), and 42% cannot be traced.
Country
Azerbaijan40 kt (est. 15%)Libya30 kt (est. 11%)Kazakhstan25 kt (est. 9%)United States13 kt (est. 5%)Saudi Arabia11 kt (est. 4%)Iraq11 kt (est. 4%)Nigeria8.1 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins19 kt (est. 7%)Slovenia: no refinery47 kt (17%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported35 kt (13%)Italy: crude not from imports12 kt (4%)Türkiye: no crude data7.6 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.7 kt (1%)Bosnia and Herzegovina: no crude data3.6 kt (1%)Bulgaria: crude not from imports3.0 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Croatia (own refineries)18 kt (7%)Italy154 kt (57%)Slovenia47 kt (17%)Bulgaria38 kt (14%)Türkiye7.6 kt (3%)Bosnia and Herzegovina3.6 kt (1%)Hungaryless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Croatia: road diesel supply268 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy
- Slovenia
- Bulgaria
- Croatia (own refineries)
- Türkiye
- Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Hungary
- Azerbaijan40 kt (est. 15%)
- Libya30 kt (est. 11%)
- Kazakhstan25 kt (est. 9%)
- United States13 kt (est. 5%)
- Saudi Arabia11 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq11 kt (est. 4%)
- Nigeria8.1 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins19 kt (est. 7%)
- Slovenia: no refinery47 kt (17%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported35 kt (13%)
- Italy: crude not from imports12 kt (4%)
- Türkiye: no crude data7.6 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.7 kt (1%)
- Bosnia and Herzegovina: no crude data3.6 kt (1%)
- Bulgaria: crude not from imports3.0 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Apr 2024)
30.0 thousand tonnes
est. 11% of Croatia's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported30 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Italy30 kt (est. 100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy | Croatia: road diesel supply | 154,334 | 57.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Croatia: road diesel supply | 46,920 | 17.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Bulgaria | Croatia: road diesel supply | 38,044 | 14.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Croatia (own refineries) | Croatia: road diesel supply | 17,966 | 6.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Türkiye | Croatia: road diesel supply | 7,605 | 2.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Croatia: road diesel supply | 3,621 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 46,920 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria | 35,014 | 92.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Italy | 30,018 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 25,050 | 16.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 24,827 | 16.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 18,745 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Croatia (own refineries) | 15,581 | 86.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 12,665 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy | 11,537 | 7.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 11,441 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 10,593 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 8,100 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 7,605 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina: no crude data | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 3,621 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Bulgaria: crude not from imports | Bulgaria | 3,030 | 8.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Croatia (own refineries) | 2,385 | 13.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 1,358 | 0.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 4 | 75.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Croatia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 1 | 15.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 0 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Croatia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Croatia’s supply of road diesel in 2024-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2024-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-02 to 2024-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Slovenia: no refinery (46,920 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (35,014 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Italy: crude not from imports (11,537 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Türkiye: no crude data (7,605 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (3,743 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Bosnia and Herzegovina: no crude data (3,621 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Bulgaria: crude not from imports (3,030 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.