Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2025, Croatia's road diesel supply was 300 kt: 37% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Greece (25%), Slovenia (19%) and Italy (18%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (20%), Libya (16%) and Azerbaijan (13%), and 26% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan61 kt (est. 20%)Libya48 kt (est. 16%)Azerbaijan38 kt (est. 13%)Iraq28 kt (est. 9%)Nigeria15 kt (est. 5%)Saudi Arabia8.9 kt (est. 3%)Norway6.9 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins17 kt (est. 6%)Slovenia: no refinery58 kt (19%)Croatia: crude not from imports14 kt (5%)Italy: crude not from imports5.6 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)Croatia (own refineries)111 kt (37%)Greece74 kt (25%)Slovenia58 kt (19%)Italy53 kt (18%)Hungary3.4 kt (1%)Croatia: road diesel supply300 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Croatia (own refineries)
- Greece
- Slovenia
- Italy
- Hungary
- Kazakhstan61 kt (est. 20%)
- Libya48 kt (est. 16%)
- Azerbaijan38 kt (est. 13%)
- Iraq28 kt (est. 9%)
- Nigeria15 kt (est. 5%)
- Saudi Arabia8.9 kt (est. 3%)
- Norway6.9 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins17 kt (est. 6%)
- Slovenia: no refinery58 kt (19%)
- Croatia: crude not from imports14 kt (5%)
- Italy: crude not from imports5.6 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Jul 2025)
48.1 thousand tonnes
est. 16% of Croatia's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported48 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Croatia (own refineries)25 kt (est. 52%)
- Greece12 kt (est. 26%)
- Italy11 kt (est. 22%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Croatia (own refineries) | Croatia: road diesel supply | 111,200 | 37.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Greece | Croatia: road diesel supply | 74,300 | 24.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Croatia: road diesel supply | 57,700 | 19.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Croatia: road diesel supply | 52,900 | 17.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Croatia: road diesel supply | 3,400 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 57,700 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Kazakhstan | Croatia (own refineries) | 31,572 | 28.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Croatia (own refineries) | 28,309 | 25.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Croatia (own refineries) | 25,077 | 22.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Greece | 24,927 | 33.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Croatia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 20,896 | 28.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Croatia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Croatia: crude not from imports | Croatia (own refineries) | 13,875 | 12.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Croatia (own refineries) | 12,368 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 12,290 | 16.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Croatia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 10,777 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 9,950 | 18.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 9,240 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 7,822 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece | 6,739 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Croatia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 5,654 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Croatia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy | 5,577 | 10.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 3,793 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Croatia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 3,298 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 3,229 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 2,882 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 2,818 | 82.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Croatia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 305 | 9.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 278 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Croatia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 124 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Croatia’s supply of road diesel in 2025-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2025-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-05 to 2025-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Slovenia: no refinery (57,700 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Croatia: crude not from imports (13,875 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Italy: crude not from imports (5,577 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (305 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.