Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2024, Croatia's road diesel supply was 236 kt: 54% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Slovenia (24%), Spain (13%) and Italy (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Azerbaijan (39%), Nigeria (11%) and Libya (7%), and 28% cannot be traced.
Country
Azerbaijan93 kt (est. 39%)Nigeria27 kt (est. 11%)Libya17 kt (est. 7%)United States5.7 kt (est. 2%)Brazil4.5 kt (est. 2%)Mexico4.4 kt (est. 2%)Kazakhstan3.4 kt (est. 1%)Other crude origins14 kt (est. 6%)Slovenia: no refinery57 kt (24%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported6.7 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.2 kt (<1%)Croatia (own refineries)129 kt (54%)Slovenia57 kt (24%)Spain30 kt (13%)Italy13 kt (6%)Bulgaria7.4 kt (3%)Hungary0.1 kt (<1%)Croatia: road diesel supply236 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Azerbaijan93 kt (est. 39%)
- Nigeria27 kt (est. 11%)
- Libya17 kt (est. 7%)
- United States5.7 kt (est. 2%)
- Brazil4.5 kt (est. 2%)
- Mexico4.4 kt (est. 2%)
- Kazakhstan3.4 kt (est. 1%)
- Other crude origins14 kt (est. 6%)
- Slovenia: no refinery57 kt (24%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported6.7 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Nov 2024)
4.4 thousand tonnes
est. 2% of Croatia's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported4.4 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Spain4.2 kt (est. 95%)
- Italy0.2 kt (est. 5%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Croatia (own refineries) | Croatia: road diesel supply | 128,789 | 54.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Slovenia | Croatia: road diesel supply | 56,949 | 24.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Croatia: road diesel supply | 30,077 | 12.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Croatia: road diesel supply | 13,008 | 5.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Bulgaria | Croatia: road diesel supply | 7,446 | 3.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Azerbaijan | Croatia (own refineries) | 90,515 | 70.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 56,949 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Nigeria | Croatia (own refineries) | 23,933 | 18.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Croatia (own refineries) | 14,341 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 9,995 | 33.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Croatia split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria | 6,736 | 90.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Spain | 4,520 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Croatia split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 4,459 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Croatia split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain | 4,218 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Croatia split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 3,928 | 30.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 2,266 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Croatia split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 2,115 | 16.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 1,977 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 1,736 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 1,630 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Croatia split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 1,163 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 1,114 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Croatia split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 1,046 | 3.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 904 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 824 | 6.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Bulgaria | 710 | 9.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 497 | 1.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Spain | 332 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Croatia split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Italy | 231 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 129 | 1.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 107 | 82.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Croatia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 23 | 18.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Croatia’s supply of road diesel in 2024-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2024-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-09 to 2024-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Slovenia: no refinery (56,949 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (6,736 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,055 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,175 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.