Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2024, Croatia's road diesel supply was 326 kt: 34% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Italy (37%), Slovenia (18%) and Bulgaria (11%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Azerbaijan (25%), Libya (8%) and Nigeria (7%), and 43% cannot be traced.
Country
Azerbaijan81 kt (est. 25%)Libya25 kt (est. 8%)Nigeria22 kt (est. 7%)Kazakhstan16 kt (est. 5%)Iraq12 kt (est. 4%)United States7.9 kt (est. 2%)Saudi Arabia5.5 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins17 kt (est. 5%)Slovenia: no refinery57 kt (18%)Croatia: crude not from imports38 kt (12%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported36 kt (11%)Italy: crude not from imports7.9 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Croatia (own refineries)111 kt (34%)Italy121 kt (37%)Slovenia57 kt (18%)Bulgaria36 kt (11%)Hungaryless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Croatia: road diesel supply326 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy
- Croatia (own refineries)
- Slovenia
- Bulgaria
- Hungary
- Azerbaijan81 kt (est. 25%)
- Libya25 kt (est. 8%)
- Nigeria22 kt (est. 7%)
- Kazakhstan16 kt (est. 5%)
- Iraq12 kt (est. 4%)
- United States7.9 kt (est. 2%)
- Saudi Arabia5.5 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins17 kt (est. 5%)
- Slovenia: no refinery57 kt (18%)
- Croatia: crude not from imports38 kt (12%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported36 kt (11%)
- Italy: crude not from imports7.9 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Aug 2024)
21.6 thousand tonnes
est. 7% of Croatia's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported22 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Croatia (own refineries)13 kt (est. 62%)
- Italy8.2 kt (est. 38%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy | Croatia: road diesel supply | 121,370 | 37.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Croatia (own refineries) | Croatia: road diesel supply | 111,237 | 34.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Slovenia | Croatia: road diesel supply | 57,286 | 17.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Bulgaria | Croatia: road diesel supply | 35,806 | 11.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Azerbaijan | Croatia (own refineries) | 59,529 | 53.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 57,286 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Croatia: crude not from imports | Croatia (own refineries) | 38,343 | 34.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria | 35,806 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Italy | 25,238 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 21,472 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 17,182 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 16,273 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Croatia (own refineries) | 13,365 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 11,577 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 8,235 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 7,948 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy | 7,938 | 6.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 5,507 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 4 | 75.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Croatia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 1 | 13.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 1 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Croatia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Croatia’s supply of road diesel in 2024-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2024-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-06 to 2024-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Slovenia: no refinery (57,286 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Croatia: crude not from imports (38,343 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (35,806 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Italy: crude not from imports (7,938 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.