Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2024, Croatia's road diesel supply was 309 kt: 33% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Italy (35%), Slovenia (17%) and Greece (10%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Azerbaijan (35%), Libya (10%) and Kazakhstan (7%), and 29% cannot be traced.
Country
Azerbaijan107 kt (est. 35%)Libya30 kt (est. 10%)Kazakhstan23 kt (est. 7%)Iraq19 kt (est. 6%)Saudi Arabia13 kt (est. 4%)United States7.7 kt (est. 3%)Nigeria4.9 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins14 kt (est. 4%)Slovenia: no refinery53 kt (17%)Croatia: crude origin not reported11 kt (4%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported11 kt (4%)Italy: crude not from imports10.0 kt (3%)Smaller flows: no crude data3.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.5 kt (<1%)Croatia (own refineries)101 kt (33%)Italy109 kt (35%)Slovenia53 kt (17%)Greece31 kt (10%)Bulgaria12 kt (4%)Bosnia and Herzegovina2.6 kt (<1%)Türkiye0.4 kt (<1%)Hungaryless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Croatia: road diesel supply309 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy
- Croatia (own refineries)
- Slovenia
- Greece
- Bulgaria
- Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Türkiye
- Hungary
- Azerbaijan107 kt (est. 35%)
- Libya30 kt (est. 10%)
- Kazakhstan23 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq19 kt (est. 6%)
- Saudi Arabia13 kt (est. 4%)
- United States7.7 kt (est. 3%)
- Nigeria4.9 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins14 kt (est. 4%)
- Slovenia: no refinery53 kt (17%)
- Croatia: crude origin not reported11 kt (4%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported11 kt (4%)
- Italy: crude not from imports10.0 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data3.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.5 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (May 2024)
13.2 thousand tonnes
est. 4% of Croatia's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported13 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Refined in
- Italy9.7 kt (est. 74%)
- Greece3.4 kt (est. 26%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy | Croatia: road diesel supply | 109,214 | 35.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Croatia (own refineries) | Croatia: road diesel supply | 101,019 | 32.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Slovenia | Croatia: road diesel supply | 53,424 | 17.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Greece | Croatia: road diesel supply | 30,570 | 9.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Bulgaria | Croatia: road diesel supply | 11,603 | 3.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Croatia: road diesel supply | 2,570 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Croatia: road diesel supply | 422 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Azerbaijan | Croatia (own refineries) | 89,706 | 88.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 53,424 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Libya | Italy | 23,613 | 21.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 16,479 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 15,280 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Croatia: crude origin not reported | Croatia (own refineries) | 11,313 | 11.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 11,171 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria | 11,139 | 96.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy | 9,999 | 9.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 9,746 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Greece | 9,648 | 31.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Croatia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 9,309 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 7,740 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 7,690 | 25.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Croatia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 5,954 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Croatia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 4,904 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 3,419 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Croatia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 2,630 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Croatia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 2,570 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 973 | 0.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 617 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Croatia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 613 | 2.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Bulgaria | 464 | 4.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Türkiye | 422 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 3 | 69.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Croatia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 1 | 15.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 1 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Croatia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Croatia’s supply of road diesel in 2024-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-03 to 2024-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Slovenia: no refinery (53,424 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Croatia: crude origin not reported (11,313 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (11,139 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Italy: crude not from imports (9,999 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (2,992 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,586 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (464 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.