Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2024, Croatia's road diesel supply was 311 kt: 37% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Slovenia (19%), Greece (15%) and Italy (14%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Azerbaijan (28%), Iraq (7%) and Kazakhstan (6%), and 40% cannot be traced.
Country
Azerbaijan88 kt (est. 28%)Iraq21 kt (est. 7%)Kazakhstan18 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria15 kt (est. 5%)Libya13 kt (est. 4%)Saudi Arabia7.2 kt (est. 2%)United States4.9 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins20 kt (est. 6%)Slovenia: no refinery58 kt (19%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported31 kt (10%)Croatia: crude not from imports25 kt (8%)Italy: crude not from imports3.7 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data1.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.6 kt (<1%)Croatia (own refineries)116 kt (37%)Slovenia58 kt (19%)Greece47 kt (15%)Italy42 kt (14%)Bulgaria33 kt (11%)Spain13 kt (4%)Türkiye1.8 kt (<1%)Hungary0.1 kt (<1%)Croatia: road diesel supply311 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Azerbaijan88 kt (est. 28%)
- Iraq21 kt (est. 7%)
- Kazakhstan18 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria15 kt (est. 5%)
- Libya13 kt (est. 4%)
- Saudi Arabia7.2 kt (est. 2%)
- United States4.9 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins20 kt (est. 6%)
- Slovenia: no refinery58 kt (19%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported31 kt (10%)
- Croatia: crude not from imports25 kt (8%)
- Italy: crude not from imports3.7 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data1.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.6 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Oct 2024)
7.2 thousand tonnes
est. 2% of Croatia's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported7.2 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Refined in
- Greece4.1 kt (est. 56%)
- Italy2.4 kt (est. 34%)
- Spain0.7 kt (est. 10%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Croatia (own refineries) | Croatia: road diesel supply | 115,650 | 37.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Slovenia | Croatia: road diesel supply | 58,381 | 18.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Greece | Croatia: road diesel supply | 46,834 | 15.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Italy | Croatia: road diesel supply | 42,373 | 13.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Bulgaria | Croatia: road diesel supply | 32,856 | 10.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Spain | Croatia: road diesel supply | 13,041 | 4.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Croatia: road diesel supply | 1,775 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Azerbaijan | Croatia (own refineries) | 79,883 | 69.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 58,381 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria | 31,415 | 95.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Croatia: crude not from imports | Croatia (own refineries) | 24,829 | 21.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Greece | 16,699 | 35.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Croatia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 11,978 | 25.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Croatia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Croatia (own refineries) | 10,938 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 7,282 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 6,898 | 52.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Croatia split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 6,587 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 6,483 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Croatia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 5,911 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Croatia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 5,889 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 5,628 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 4,079 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Croatia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 3,976 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy | 3,663 | 8.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 3,590 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 2,922 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 2,429 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 1,984 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Croatia split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Türkiye | 1,775 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Bulgaria | 1,441 | 4.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 1,098 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Croatia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 958 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Croatia split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 736 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Croatia split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 627 | 4.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Spain | 612 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Croatia split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 585 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 506 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Croatia split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 408 | 1.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Spain | 347 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Croatia split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 303 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 86 | 83.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Croatia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Spain | 70 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Croatia split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 15 | 14.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 2 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Croatia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Croatia’s supply of road diesel in 2024-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-08 to 2024-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Slovenia: no refinery (58,381 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (31,415 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Croatia: crude not from imports (24,829 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Italy: crude not from imports (3,663 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (1,775 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,759 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,620 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.