Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2024, Croatia's road diesel supply was 302 kt: 44% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Spain (19%), Slovenia (17%) and Italy (10%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Azerbaijan (29%), Nigeria (11%) and Libya (8%), and 32% cannot be traced.
Country
Azerbaijan87 kt (est. 29%)Nigeria33 kt (est. 11%)Libya24 kt (est. 8%)Mexico10 kt (est. 3%)United States10 kt (est. 3%)Brazil8.5 kt (est. 3%)Kazakhstan6.5 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins25 kt (est. 8%)Slovenia: no refinery52 kt (17%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported29 kt (10%)Croatia: crude not from imports12 kt (4%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.7 kt (<1%)Croatia (own refineries)134 kt (44%)Spain57 kt (19%)Slovenia52 kt (17%)Italy29 kt (10%)Bulgaria29 kt (10%)Hungary0.2 kt (<1%)Croatia: road diesel supply302 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Azerbaijan87 kt (est. 29%)
- Nigeria33 kt (est. 11%)
- Libya24 kt (est. 8%)
- Mexico10 kt (est. 3%)
- United States10 kt (est. 3%)
- Brazil8.5 kt (est. 3%)
- Kazakhstan6.5 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins25 kt (est. 8%)
- Slovenia: no refinery52 kt (17%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported29 kt (10%)
- Croatia: crude not from imports12 kt (4%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.7 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Dec 2024)
29.0 thousand tonnes
10% of Croatia's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- Bulgaria29 kt (100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Croatia (own refineries) | Croatia: road diesel supply | 134,104 | 44.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Spain | Croatia: road diesel supply | 56,833 | 18.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Croatia: road diesel supply | 51,983 | 17.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Croatia: road diesel supply | 29,385 | 9.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Bulgaria | Croatia: road diesel supply | 29,312 | 9.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Azerbaijan | Croatia (own refineries) | 81,771 | 61.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 51,983 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria | 29,035 | 99.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Croatia (own refineries) | 25,472 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 15,466 | 27.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Croatia split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Croatia (own refineries) | 15,295 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Croatia: crude not from imports | Croatia (own refineries) | 11,566 | 8.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Mexico | Spain | 9,922 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Croatia split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 9,662 | 32.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 8,489 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Croatia split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 8,349 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Croatia split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 5,803 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Croatia split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 5,521 | 18.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 4,532 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 3,969 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 3,550 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Croatia split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 2,501 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Croatia split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 2,444 | 4.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Italy | 1,911 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 1,649 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 1,379 | 4.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Mexico | Italy | 489 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Spain | 309 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Croatia split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Bulgaria | 277 | 0.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 273 | 0.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 146 | 80.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Croatia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 28 | 15.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 7 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Croatia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Croatia’s supply of road diesel in 2024-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2024-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-10 to 2024-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Slovenia: no refinery (51,983 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (29,035 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Croatia: crude not from imports (11,566 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,718 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,684 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.