Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2024, Croatia's road diesel supply was 241 kt: less than 1% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Italy (65%), Slovenia (20%) and Bulgaria (16%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (12%), Azerbaijan (10%) and Kazakhstan (8%), and 39% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya28 kt (est. 12%)Azerbaijan24 kt (est. 10%)Kazakhstan19 kt (est. 8%)United States18 kt (est. 7%)Iraq15 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria11 kt (est. 4%)Saudi Arabia6.5 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins25 kt (est. 10%)Slovenia: no refinery47 kt (20%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported38 kt (16%)Italy: crude origin not reported5.2 kt (2%)Italy: crude not from imports4.4 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)Croatia (own refineries)0.1 kt (<1%)Italy155 kt (65%)Slovenia47 kt (20%)Bulgaria38 kt (16%)Hungary0.2 kt (<1%)Croatia: road diesel supply241 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy
- Slovenia
- Bulgaria
- Hungary
- Croatia (own refineries)
- Libya28 kt (est. 12%)
- Azerbaijan24 kt (est. 10%)
- Kazakhstan19 kt (est. 8%)
- United States18 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq15 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria11 kt (est. 4%)
- Saudi Arabia6.5 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins25 kt (est. 10%)
- Slovenia: no refinery47 kt (20%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported38 kt (16%)
- Italy: crude origin not reported5.2 kt (2%)
- Italy: crude not from imports4.4 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Feb 2024)
47.3 thousand tonnes
20% of Croatia's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- Slovenia47 kt (100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy | Croatia: road diesel supply | 155,284 | 64.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Croatia: road diesel supply | 47,258 | 19.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Bulgaria | Croatia: road diesel supply | 37,739 | 15.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 47,258 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria | 37,739 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Italy | 28,114 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 25,047 | 16.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 23,897 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 18,629 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 17,658 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 15,037 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 10,798 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 6,480 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude origin not reported | Italy | 5,239 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy | 4,384 | 2.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 121 | 77.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Croatia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Croatia (own refineries) | 47 | 63.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Croatia (own refineries) | 26 | 36.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 26 | 16.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 8 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Croatia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Croatia’s supply of road diesel in 2024-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2024-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-12 to 2024-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Slovenia: no refinery (47,258 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (37,739 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Italy: crude origin not reported (5,239 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Italy: crude not from imports (4,384 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (53 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.