Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2026, Croatia's road diesel supply was 230 kt: 10% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Italy (50%) and Slovenia (37%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (17%) and Azerbaijan (8%), and 48% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya40 kt (est. 17%)Azerbaijan18 kt (est. 8%)Kazakhstan10 kt (est. 4%)Iraq9.9 kt (est. 4%)United States9.3 kt (est. 4%)Saudi Arabia8.6 kt (est. 4%)Algeria4.0 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins20 kt (est. 9%)Slovenia: no refinery86 kt (37%)Croatia: crude not from imports16 kt (7%)Italy: crude not from imports3.6 kt (2%)Italy: crude origin not reported2.9 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.3 kt (<1%)Croatia (own refineries)24 kt (10%)Italy116 kt (50%)Slovenia86 kt (37%)Hungary2.1 kt (<1%)Bulgaria1.6 kt (<1%)Austria1.1 kt (<1%)Croatia: road diesel supply231 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Libya40 kt (est. 17%)
- Azerbaijan18 kt (est. 8%)
- Kazakhstan10 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq9.9 kt (est. 4%)
- United States9.3 kt (est. 4%)
- Saudi Arabia8.6 kt (est. 4%)
- Algeria4.0 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins20 kt (est. 9%)
- Slovenia: no refinery86 kt (37%)
- Croatia: crude not from imports16 kt (7%)
- Italy: crude not from imports3.6 kt (2%)
- Italy: crude origin not reported2.9 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Feb 2026)
9.3 thousand tonnes
est. 4% of Croatia's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported9.3 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Italy9.3 kt (est. 100%)
- Austrialess than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy | Croatia: road diesel supply | 115,900 | 50.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Croatia: road diesel supply | 85,700 | 37.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Croatia (own refineries) | Croatia: road diesel supply | 24,100 | 10.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Hungary | Croatia: road diesel supply | 2,100 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Bulgaria | Croatia: road diesel supply | 1,600 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Croatia: road diesel supply | 1,100 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 85,700 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Libya | Italy | 31,491 | 27.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 18,769 | 16.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 17,769 | 15.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Croatia: crude not from imports | Croatia (own refineries) | 15,947 | 66.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Italy | 9,800 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 9,644 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 9,281 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 8,650 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Croatia (own refineries) | 8,153 | 33.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Italy | 4,016 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy | 3,567 | 3.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Italy: crude origin not reported | Italy | 2,913 | 2.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria | 1,600 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 1,186 | 56.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 914 | 43.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Croatia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 403 | 36.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Croatia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 273 | 24.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Croatia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 210 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Croatia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 76 | 6.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Austria | 58 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Croatia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Austria | 43 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Croatia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 22 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Croatia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Austria | 16 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Croatia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2026-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Croatia’s supply of road diesel in 2026-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2026-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-12 to 2026-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Slovenia: no refinery (85,700 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Croatia: crude not from imports (15,947 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Italy: crude not from imports (3,567 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Italy: crude origin not reported (2,913 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,600 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,262 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.