Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2026, Croatia's road diesel supply was 285 kt: 37% from its own refineries, with imports from Italy (28%), Slovenia (20%) and Switzerland (16%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Azerbaijan (25%), Libya (13%) and Kazakhstan (9%), and 36% cannot be traced.
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Croatia (own refineries)
- Italy
- Slovenia
- Switzerland
- Azerbaijan71 kt (est. 25%)
- Libya38 kt (est. 13%)
- Kazakhstan26 kt (est. 9%)
- Guyana11 kt (est. 4%)
- Saudi Arabia7.2 kt (est. 3%)
- United States7.0 kt (est. 2%)
- Mexico3.0 kt (est. 1%)
- Other crude origins18 kt (est. 6%)
- Slovenia: no refinery58 kt (20%)
- Switzerland: no crude data45 kt (16%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Apr 2026)
7.0 thousand tonnes
est. 2% of Croatia's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported7.0 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Italy7.0 kt (est. 100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Croatia (own refineries) | Croatia: road diesel supply | 104,500 | 36.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Italy | Croatia: road diesel supply | 78,500 | 27.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Croatia: road diesel supply | 57,700 | 20.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Switzerland | Croatia: road diesel supply | 44,700 | 15.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Azerbaijan | Croatia (own refineries) | 61,002 | 58.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 57,700 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Switzerland: no crude data | Switzerland | 44,700 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Italy | 21,072 | 26.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 18,150 | 23.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Croatia (own refineries) | 17,373 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Croatia (own refineries) | 15,097 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Croatia (own refineries) | 11,028 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 10,789 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 10,226 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 7,175 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 7,043 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Italy | 2,992 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 1,052 | 1.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Croatia’s supply of road diesel in 2026-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2026-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-02 to 2026-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Slovenia: no refinery (57,700 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Switzerland: no crude data (44,700 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,052 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.