Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2023, Croatia's road diesel supply was 259 kt: 41% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Italy (34%) and Slovenia (26%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Azerbaijan (35%), Libya (6%) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (6%), and 32% cannot be traced.
Country
Azerbaijan91 kt (est. 35%)Libya16 kt (est. 6%)Democratic Republic of the Congo16 kt (est. 6%)United States15 kt (est. 6%)Kazakhstan8.8 kt (est. 3%)Iraq6.4 kt (est. 2%)Saudi Arabia6.1 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins16 kt (est. 6%)Slovenia: no refinery66 kt (26%)Croatia: crude not from imports13 kt (5%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.4 kt (<1%)Croatia (own refineries)105 kt (41%)Italy87 kt (34%)Slovenia66 kt (26%)Hungaryless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Croatia: road diesel supply259 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Croatia (own refineries)
- Italy
- Slovenia
- Hungary
- Azerbaijan91 kt (est. 35%)
- Libya16 kt (est. 6%)
- Democratic Republic of the Congo16 kt (est. 6%)
- United States15 kt (est. 6%)
- Kazakhstan8.8 kt (est. 3%)
- Iraq6.4 kt (est. 2%)
- Saudi Arabia6.1 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins16 kt (est. 6%)
- Slovenia: no refinery66 kt (26%)
- Croatia: crude not from imports13 kt (5%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.4 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Croatia (own refineries) | Croatia: road diesel supply | 105,498 | 40.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Italy | Croatia: road diesel supply | 86,982 | 33.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Croatia: road diesel supply | 66,360 | 25.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Azerbaijan | Croatia (own refineries) | 73,119 | 69.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 66,360 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 17,476 | 20.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 16,449 | 18.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | Croatia (own refineries) | 16,150 | 15.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 15,971 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 15,349 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Croatia: crude not from imports | Croatia (own refineries) | 13,470 | 12.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Italy | 6,434 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 6,107 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 6,085 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Croatia (own refineries) | 2,759 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 1,688 | 1.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 1,421 | 1.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 5 | 80.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Croatia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 1 | 16.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 0 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Croatia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Croatia’s supply of road diesel in 2023-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-07 to 2023-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Slovenia: no refinery (66,360 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Croatia: crude not from imports (13,470 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,690 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,421 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.