Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2023, Croatia's petrol supply was 86 kt: 81% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Hungary (8%) and Slovenia (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Azerbaijan (56%), the Democratic Republic of the Congo (12%) and the Russia (8%), and 20% cannot be traced.
Country
Azerbaijan49 kt (est. 56%)Democratic Republic of the Congo11 kt (est. 12%)Russia6.8 kt (est. 8%)Kazakhstan2.0 kt (est. 2%)Croatia0.2 kt (est. <1%)Hungary0.2 kt (est. <1%)Switzerland0.1 kt (est. <1%)Croatia: crude not from imports9.0 kt (10%)Slovenia: no refinery5.9 kt (7%)Serbia: no crude data1.6 kt (2%)Hungary: crude not from imports1.1 kt (1%)Croatia (own refineries)70 kt (81%)Hungary6.6 kt (8%)Slovenia5.9 kt (7%)Slovakia2.0 kt (2%)Serbia1.6 kt (2%)Croatia: petrol supply86 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Croatia (own refineries)
- Hungary
- Slovenia
- Slovakia
- Serbia
- Azerbaijan49 kt (est. 56%)
- Democratic Republic of the Congo11 kt (est. 12%)
- Russia6.8 kt (est. 8%)
- Kazakhstan2.0 kt (est. 2%)
- Croatia0.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Hungary0.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Switzerland0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Croatia: crude not from imports9.0 kt (10%)
- Slovenia: no refinery5.9 kt (7%)
- Serbia: no crude data1.6 kt (2%)
- Hungary: crude not from imports1.1 kt (1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Croatia (own refineries) | Croatia: petrol supply | 70,295 | 81.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Hungary | Croatia: petrol supply | 6,624 | 7.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Croatia: petrol supply | 5,903 | 6.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Croatia: petrol supply | 1,962 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Serbia | Croatia: petrol supply | 1,606 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Azerbaijan | Croatia (own refineries) | 48,720 | 69.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's petrol to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | Croatia (own refineries) | 10,761 | 15.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's petrol to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Croatia: crude not from imports | Croatia (own refineries) | 8,975 | 12.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 5,903 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Russia | Hungary | 5,100 | 77.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Croatia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Croatia (own refineries) | 1,838 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's petrol to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 1,730 | 88.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Croatia split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Serbia: no crude data | Serbia | 1,606 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Hungary: crude not from imports | Hungary | 1,116 | 16.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Croatia | Hungary | 204 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Croatia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 204 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Croatia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Hungary | Slovakia | 178 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Croatia split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Switzerland | Slovakia | 54 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Croatia split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Croatia’s supply of petrol in 2023-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2023-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-07 to 2023-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Croatia: crude not from imports (8,975 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Slovenia: no refinery (5,903 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Serbia: no crude data (1,606 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Hungary: crude not from imports (1,116 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.