Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2023, Croatia's road diesel supply was 260 kt: 43% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Slovenia (29%) and Italy (28%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Azerbaijan (36%) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (7%), and 32% cannot be traced.
Country
Azerbaijan93 kt (est. 36%)Democratic Republic of the Congo18 kt (est. 7%)Libya12 kt (est. 5%)United States11 kt (est. 4%)Kazakhstan9.6 kt (est. 4%)Iraq6.5 kt (est. 2%)Niger6.2 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins19 kt (est. 7%)Slovenia: no refinery76 kt (29%)Croatia: crude not from imports3.8 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.2 kt (<1%)Croatia (own refineries)111 kt (43%)Slovenia76 kt (29%)Italy73 kt (28%)Hungary0.1 kt (<1%)Croatia: road diesel supply260 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Croatia (own refineries)
- Slovenia
- Italy
- Hungary
- Azerbaijan93 kt (est. 36%)
- Democratic Republic of the Congo18 kt (est. 7%)
- Libya12 kt (est. 5%)
- United States11 kt (est. 4%)
- Kazakhstan9.6 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq6.5 kt (est. 2%)
- Niger6.2 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins19 kt (est. 7%)
- Slovenia: no refinery76 kt (29%)
- Croatia: crude not from imports3.8 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.2 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Croatia (own refineries) | Croatia: road diesel supply | 111,312 | 42.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Slovenia | Croatia: road diesel supply | 75,698 | 29.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Italy | Croatia: road diesel supply | 72,578 | 27.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Azerbaijan | Croatia (own refineries) | 79,951 | 71.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 75,698 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 18,432 | 25.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | Croatia (own refineries) | 18,271 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 13,286 | 18.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 12,360 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 11,008 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 6,522 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 6,478 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Niger | Croatia (own refineries) | 6,218 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Croatia: crude not from imports | Croatia (own refineries) | 3,752 | 3.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Croatia (own refineries) | 3,121 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 2,264 | 3.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 2,228 | 3.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 103 | 94.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Croatia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 5 | 4.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 0 | 0.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Croatia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Croatia’s supply of road diesel in 2023-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-08 to 2023-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Slovenia: no refinery (75,698 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Croatia: crude not from imports (3,752 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,264 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,234 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.