Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2024, Croatia's road diesel supply was 314 kt: 38% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Italy (36%), Slovenia (15%) and Bulgaria (10%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Azerbaijan (27%), Libya (7%) and Nigeria (6%), and 42% cannot be traced.
Country
Azerbaijan83 kt (est. 27%)Libya21 kt (est. 7%)Nigeria20 kt (est. 6%)Kazakhstan15 kt (est. 5%)United States12 kt (est. 4%)Iraq9.3 kt (est. 3%)Saudi Arabia5.3 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins18 kt (est. 6%)Slovenia: no refinery48 kt (15%)Croatia: crude not from imports46 kt (15%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported30 kt (10%)Italy: crude not from imports4.7 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data1.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)Croatia (own refineries)121 kt (38%)Italy113 kt (36%)Slovenia48 kt (15%)Bulgaria30 kt (10%)Türkiye1.7 kt (<1%)Hungaryless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Croatia: road diesel supply314 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Azerbaijan83 kt (est. 27%)
- Libya21 kt (est. 7%)
- Nigeria20 kt (est. 6%)
- Kazakhstan15 kt (est. 5%)
- United States12 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq9.3 kt (est. 3%)
- Saudi Arabia5.3 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins18 kt (est. 6%)
- Slovenia: no refinery48 kt (15%)
- Croatia: crude not from imports46 kt (15%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported30 kt (10%)
- Italy: crude not from imports4.7 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data1.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Croatia (own refineries) | Croatia: road diesel supply | 120,788 | 38.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Italy | Croatia: road diesel supply | 112,820 | 35.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Croatia: road diesel supply | 48,192 | 15.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Bulgaria | Croatia: road diesel supply | 30,465 | 9.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Croatia: road diesel supply | 1,690 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Azerbaijan | Croatia (own refineries) | 64,246 | 53.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 48,192 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Croatia: crude not from imports | Croatia (own refineries) | 45,898 | 38.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria | 30,057 | 98.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Italy | 21,408 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 19,171 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 17,750 | 15.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 14,563 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 11,660 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Croatia (own refineries) | 10,644 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 9,265 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 9,069 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 5,274 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy | 4,660 | 4.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Türkiye | 1,690 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Bulgaria | 408 | 1.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 4 | 77.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Croatia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 1 | 13.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 0 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Croatia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Croatia’s supply of road diesel in 2024-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-07 to 2024-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Slovenia: no refinery (48,192 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Croatia: crude not from imports (45,898 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (30,057 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Italy: crude not from imports (4,660 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (1,690 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (409 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.