Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2025, Croatia's road diesel supply was 325 kt: 34% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Italy (39%), Slovenia (18%) and Switzerland (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Azerbaijan (30%), Libya (9%) and Kazakhstan (8%), and 33% cannot be traced.
Country
Azerbaijan98 kt (est. 30%)Libya29 kt (est. 9%)Kazakhstan27 kt (est. 8%)Nigeria19 kt (est. 6%)Russia8.7 kt (est. 3%)United States7.5 kt (est. 2%)Iraq5.8 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins21 kt (est. 7%)Slovenia: no refinery57 kt (18%)Switzerland: no crude data18 kt (6%)Croatia: crude not from imports18 kt (6%)Italy: crude not from imports13 kt (4%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.0 kt (<1%)Croatia (own refineries)110 kt (34%)Italy128 kt (39%)Slovenia57 kt (18%)Switzerland18 kt (6%)Hungary12 kt (4%)Croatia: road diesel supply325 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy
- Croatia (own refineries)
- Slovenia
- Switzerland
- Hungary
- Azerbaijan98 kt (est. 30%)
- Libya29 kt (est. 9%)
- Kazakhstan27 kt (est. 8%)
- Nigeria19 kt (est. 6%)
- Russia8.7 kt (est. 3%)
- United States7.5 kt (est. 2%)
- Iraq5.8 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins21 kt (est. 7%)
- Slovenia: no refinery57 kt (18%)
- Switzerland: no crude data18 kt (6%)
- Croatia: crude not from imports18 kt (6%)
- Italy: crude not from imports13 kt (4%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.0 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy | Croatia: road diesel supply | 127,600 | 39.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Croatia (own refineries) | Croatia: road diesel supply | 110,200 | 33.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Slovenia | Croatia: road diesel supply | 57,300 | 17.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Switzerland | Croatia: road diesel supply | 18,000 | 5.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Croatia: road diesel supply | 11,800 | 3.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Azerbaijan | Croatia (own refineries) | 73,597 | 66.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 57,300 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Libya | Italy | 29,064 | 22.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 23,947 | 18.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 21,064 | 16.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 20,092 | 15.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Switzerland: no crude data | Switzerland | 18,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Croatia: crude not from imports | Croatia (own refineries) | 17,978 | 16.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy | 13,308 | 10.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Croatia (own refineries) | 11,975 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Hungary | 8,739 | 74.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Croatia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 7,539 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 6,737 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Croatia (own refineries) | 6,650 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 5,850 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Croatia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 2,023 | 17.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 669 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Croatia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 186 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Croatia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Hungary | 182 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Croatia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Croatia’s supply of road diesel in 2025-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-03 to 2025-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Slovenia: no refinery (57,300 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Switzerland: no crude data (18,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Croatia: crude not from imports (17,978 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Italy: crude not from imports (13,308 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,023 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.