Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2025, Croatia's jet fuel supply was 42 kt: 91% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (41%), Azerbaijan (22%) and Kazakhstan (21%), and 11% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya17 kt (est. 41%)Azerbaijan9.4 kt (est. 22%)Kazakhstan9.0 kt (est. 21%)United States0.5 kt (est. 1%)Norway0.5 kt (est. 1%)Brazil0.3 kt (est. <1%)United Kingdom0.3 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins0.7 kt (est. 2%)Croatia: crude not from imports3.3 kt (8%)Egypt: no crude data1.0 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)Croatia (own refineries)39 kt (91%)Netherlands2.9 kt (7%)Egypt1.0 kt (2%)Croatia: jet fuel supply42 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Croatia (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Egypt
- Libya17 kt (est. 41%)
- Azerbaijan9.4 kt (est. 22%)
- Kazakhstan9.0 kt (est. 21%)
- United States0.5 kt (est. 1%)
- Norway0.5 kt (est. 1%)
- Brazil0.3 kt (est. <1%)
- United Kingdom0.3 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins0.7 kt (est. 2%)
- Croatia: crude not from imports3.3 kt (8%)
- Egypt: no crude data1.0 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Croatia (own refineries) | Croatia: jet fuel supply | 38,500 | 90.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Croatia: jet fuel supply | 2,900 | 6.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Croatia: jet fuel supply | 1,000 | 2.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Croatia (own refineries) | 17,347 | 45.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's jet fuel to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Croatia (own refineries) | 9,354 | 24.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's jet fuel to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Croatia (own refineries) | 8,547 | 22.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's jet fuel to Croatia split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Croatia: crude not from imports | Croatia (own refineries) | 3,252 | 8.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 1,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 665 | 22.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Croatia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 547 | 18.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Croatia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 505 | 17.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Croatia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 411 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Croatia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 280 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Croatia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 280 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Croatia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 213 | 7.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Croatia’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-06 to 2025-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Croatia: crude not from imports (3,252 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Egypt: no crude data (1,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (213 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.