Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In January 2025, Cyprus' road diesel supply was 37 kt, all of it imported, from Greece (50%) and Israel (50%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (14%), Iraq (11%) and Libya (9%), and 52% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan5.3 kt (est. 14%)Iraq4.1 kt (est. 11%)Libya3.5 kt (est. 9%)Saudi Arabia1.6 kt (est. 4%)Norway1.1 kt (est. 3%)Azerbaijan0.9 kt (est. 2%)Egypt0.7 kt (est. 2%)Nigeria0.5 kt (est. 1%)Israel: no crude data18 kt (50%)Greece: crude origin not reported0.5 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)Greece19 kt (50%)Israel18 kt (50%)Cyprus: road diesel supply37 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Kazakhstan5.3 kt (est. 14%)
- Iraq4.1 kt (est. 11%)
- Libya3.5 kt (est. 9%)
- Saudi Arabia1.6 kt (est. 4%)
- Norway1.1 kt (est. 3%)
- Azerbaijan0.9 kt (est. 2%)
- Egypt0.7 kt (est. 2%)
- Nigeria0.5 kt (est. 1%)
- Israel: no crude data18 kt (50%)
- Greece: crude origin not reported0.5 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Jan 2025)
4.1 thousand tonnes
est. 11% of Cyprus's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported4.1 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Refined in
- Greece4.1 kt (est. 100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greece | Cyprus: road diesel supply | 18,576 | 50.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Israel | Cyprus: road diesel supply | 18,397 | 49.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Israel: no crude data | Israel | 18,397 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 5,314 | 28.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Cyprus split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Greece | 4,110 | 22.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Cyprus split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 3,477 | 18.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Cyprus split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 1,605 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Cyprus split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece | 1,115 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Cyprus split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 906 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Cyprus split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt | Greece | 745 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Cyprus split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Greece: crude origin not reported | Greece | 540 | 2.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Greece | 477 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Cyprus split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Greece | 287 | 1.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-01 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-01 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Cyprus’s supply of road diesel in 2025-01, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-01 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-11 to 2025-01.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Israel: no crude data (18,397 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Greece: crude origin not reported (540 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (287 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.