Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2023, Cyprus' road diesel supply was 32 kt, all of it imported, from Greece (64%) and Israel (36%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Iraq (28%), Kazakhstan (11%) and Libya (7%), and 40% cannot be traced.
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Iraq8.8 kt (est. 28%)
- Kazakhstan3.5 kt (est. 11%)
- Libya2.3 kt (est. 7%)
- United States1.1 kt (est. 3%)
- Egypt1.0 kt (est. 3%)
- Saudi Arabia0.8 kt (est. 3%)
- Azerbaijan0.6 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins1.0 kt (est. 3%)
- Israel: no crude data11 kt (36%)
- Greece: crude not from imports0.9 kt (3%)
- Greece: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Dec 2023)
3.5 thousand tonnes
est. 11% of Cyprus's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported3.5 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Greece3.5 kt (est. 100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greece | Cyprus: road diesel supply | 20,323 | 64.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Israel | Cyprus: road diesel supply | 11,295 | 35.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Israel: no crude data | Israel | 11,295 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Greece | 8,772 | 43.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Cyprus split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 3,488 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Cyprus split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 2,337 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Cyprus split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Greece | 1,056 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Cyprus split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 1,022 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Cyprus split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt | Greece | 951 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Cyprus split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Greece: crude not from imports | Greece | 900 | 4.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 808 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Cyprus split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 556 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Cyprus split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Greece: crude origin not reported | Greece | 432 | 2.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Cyprus’s supply of road diesel in 2023-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-10 to 2023-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Israel: no crude data (11,295 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Greece: crude not from imports (900 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Greece: crude origin not reported (432 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.