Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2024, Cyprus' road diesel supply was 45 kt, all of it imported, mainly from Greece (58%), Israel (28%) and Italy (12%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Iraq (21%), Kazakhstan (18%) and Libya (12%), and 29% cannot be traced.
Country
Iraq9.7 kt (est. 21%)Kazakhstan8.1 kt (est. 18%)Libya5.3 kt (est. 12%)Norway2.5 kt (est. 5%)Saudi Arabia2.4 kt (est. 5%)Azerbaijan1.0 kt (est. 2%)Egypt0.7 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins2.5 kt (est. 5%)Israel: no crude data13 kt (28%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)Greece26 kt (58%)Israel13 kt (28%)Italy5.5 kt (12%)Spain0.9 kt (2%)Cyprus: road diesel supply45 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Iraq9.7 kt (est. 21%)
- Kazakhstan8.1 kt (est. 18%)
- Libya5.3 kt (est. 12%)
- Norway2.5 kt (est. 5%)
- Saudi Arabia2.4 kt (est. 5%)
- Azerbaijan1.0 kt (est. 2%)
- Egypt0.7 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins2.5 kt (est. 5%)
- Israel: no crude data13 kt (28%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Sep 2024)
12.7 thousand tonnes
28% of Cyprus's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- Israel13 kt (100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greece | Cyprus: road diesel supply | 26,254 | 57.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Israel | Cyprus: road diesel supply | 12,690 | 27.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Cyprus: road diesel supply | 5,541 | 12.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Cyprus: road diesel supply | 925 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Israel: no crude data | Israel | 12,690 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Greece | 9,199 | 35.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Cyprus split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 7,398 | 28.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Cyprus split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 4,180 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Cyprus split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece | 2,353 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Cyprus split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 2,099 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Cyprus split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 1,803 | 32.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Cyprus split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 1,051 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Cyprus split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 942 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Cyprus split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt | Greece | 727 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Cyprus split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 715 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Cyprus split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 681 | 73.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Cyprus split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 455 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Cyprus split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 299 | 1.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 259 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Cyprus split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 229 | 4.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Italy | 87 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Cyprus split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 52 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Cyprus split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 43 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Cyprus split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 33 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Cyprus split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 32 | 3.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 32 | 3.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 32 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Cyprus split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 11 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Cyprus split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Spain | 10 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Cyprus split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Cyprus’s supply of road diesel in 2024-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-07 to 2024-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Israel: no crude data (12,690 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (331 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (260 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.