Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2025, Cyprus' petrol supply was 21 kt, all of it imported, from Greece (50%), Italy (28%) and Israel (22%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (19%), Kazakhstan (18%) and Iraq (15%), and 24% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya3.9 kt (est. 19%)Kazakhstan3.9 kt (est. 18%)Iraq3.1 kt (est. 15%)Saudi Arabia1.3 kt (est. 6%)Azerbaijan1.1 kt (est. 5%)Norway0.9 kt (est. 4%)United States0.4 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins1.4 kt (est. 6%)Israel: no crude data4.6 kt (22%)Italy: crude not from imports0.4 kt (2%)Greece10 kt (50%)Italy6.0 kt (28%)Israel4.6 kt (22%)Cyprus: petrol supply21 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greece | Cyprus: petrol supply | 10,454 | 49.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Cyprus: petrol supply | 5,994 | 28.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Israel | Cyprus: petrol supply | 4,617 | 21.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Israel: no crude data | Israel | 4,617 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 3,086 | 29.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Cyprus split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Greece | 2,767 | 26.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Cyprus split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 2,502 | 23.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Cyprus split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 1,424 | 23.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Cyprus split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 1,225 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Cyprus split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 971 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Cyprus split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 829 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Cyprus split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 807 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Cyprus split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece | 673 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Cyprus split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 413 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Cyprus split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy | 390 | 6.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Italy | 357 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Cyprus split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 349 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Cyprus split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 316 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Cyprus split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 199 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Cyprus split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 139 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Cyprus split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Cyprus’s supply of petrol in 2025-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-01 to 2025-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Israel: no crude data (4,617 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (390 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.