Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2025, Cyprus' jet fuel supply was 23 kt, all of it imported, from Israel (57%), the Netherlands (32%) and Greece (11%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (8%), the United States (7%) and Norway (6%), and 60% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan1.8 kt (est. 8%)United States1.5 kt (est. 7%)Norway1.4 kt (est. 6%)Iraq1.3 kt (est. 5%)United Kingdom0.8 kt (est. 4%)Libya0.8 kt (est. 3%)Brazil0.4 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins1.4 kt (est. 6%)Israel: no crude data13 kt (57%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported0.5 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)Israel13 kt (57%)Netherlands7.5 kt (32%)Greece2.5 kt (11%)Cyprus: jet fuel supply23 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Israel
- Netherlands
- Greece
- Kazakhstan1.8 kt (est. 8%)
- United States1.5 kt (est. 7%)
- Norway1.4 kt (est. 6%)
- Iraq1.3 kt (est. 5%)
- United Kingdom0.8 kt (est. 4%)
- Libya0.8 kt (est. 3%)
- Brazil0.4 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins1.4 kt (est. 6%)
- Israel: no crude data13 kt (57%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported0.5 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Israel | Cyprus: jet fuel supply | 13,199 | 57.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Cyprus: jet fuel supply | 7,483 | 32.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Cyprus: jet fuel supply | 2,474 | 10.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Israel: no crude data | Israel | 13,199 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands | 1,521 | 20.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Cyprus split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 1,319 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Cyprus split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 1,141 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Cyprus split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 914 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Cyprus split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 835 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Cyprus split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Greece | 728 | 29.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Cyprus split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 634 | 25.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Cyprus split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 538 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Cyprus split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 469 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Greece | 448 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Cyprus split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 438 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Cyprus split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 434 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Cyprus split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 313 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Cyprus split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Greece | 137 | 5.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Greece | 89 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Cyprus split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Cyprus’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-02 to 2025-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Israel: no crude data (13,199 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (469 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (137 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.