Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2025, Cyprus' jet fuel supply was 58 kt, all of it imported, mainly from Kuwait (36%), Greece (22%) and Türkiye (21%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Iraq (8%), and 79% cannot be traced.
Country
Iraq4.4 kt (est. 8%)Kazakhstan2.8 kt (est. 5%)Libya2.1 kt (est. 4%)Saudi Arabia1.1 kt (est. 2%)Norway0.9 kt (est. 2%)Azerbaijan0.6 kt (est. 1%)Egypt0.4 kt (est. <1%)Kuwait: no crude data21 kt (36%)Türkiye: no crude data12 kt (21%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data12 kt (21%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Kuwait21 kt (36%)Greece13 kt (22%)Türkiye12 kt (21%)Saudi Arabia12 kt (21%)Cyprus: jet fuel supply58 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Kuwait
- Greece
- Türkiye
- Saudi Arabia
- Iraq4.4 kt (est. 8%)
- Kazakhstan2.8 kt (est. 5%)
- Libya2.1 kt (est. 4%)
- Saudi Arabia1.1 kt (est. 2%)
- Norway0.9 kt (est. 2%)
- Azerbaijan0.6 kt (est. 1%)
- Egypt0.4 kt (est. <1%)
- Kuwait: no crude data21 kt (36%)
- Türkiye: no crude data12 kt (21%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data12 kt (21%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuwait | Cyprus: jet fuel supply | 21,042 | 36.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Cyprus: jet fuel supply | 12,659 | 21.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Cyprus: jet fuel supply | 12,387 | 21.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Cyprus: jet fuel supply | 11,974 | 20.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 21,042 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 12,387 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 11,974 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Greece | 4,377 | 34.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Cyprus split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 2,849 | 22.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Cyprus split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 2,083 | 16.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Cyprus split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 1,111 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Cyprus split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece | 922 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Cyprus split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 581 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Cyprus split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt | Greece | 396 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Cyprus split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 310 | 2.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Greece | 30 | 0.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Cyprus’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-07 to 2025-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (21,042 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (12,387 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (11,974 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (310 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (30 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.