Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2025, Denmark's road diesel supply was 98 kt: 88% from its own refineries, with imports from Norway (12%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (32%), Norway (24%) and the United Kingdom (6%), and 34% cannot be traced.
Apr 2025
| 2026 | |
|---|---|
| 2025 | |
| 2024 | |
| 2023 |
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Denmark (own refineries)
- Norway
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Apr 2025)
5.7 thousand tonnes
est. 6% of Denmark's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported5.7 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Denmark (own refineries)5.7 kt (est. 100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Denmark (own refineries) | Denmark: road diesel supply | 86,000 | 87.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Norway | Denmark: road diesel supply | 12,000 | 12.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Denmark (own refineries) | 31,121 | 36.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Denmark split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Denmark (own refineries) | 23,274 | 27.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Denmark split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Denmark: crude not from imports | Denmark (own refineries) | 21,124 | 24.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway: no crude data | Norway | 12,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Denmark (own refineries) | 5,698 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Denmark split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye | Denmark (own refineries) | 4,730 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Denmark split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Denmark’s supply of road diesel in 2025-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-02 to 2025-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Denmark: crude not from imports (21,124 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Norway: no crude data (12,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (54 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.