Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2023, Denmark's petrol supply was 199 kt: 72% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (12%) and Sweden (9%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (28%), the United States (23%) and the United Kingdom (6%), and 32% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway56 kt (est. 28%)United States46 kt (est. 23%)United Kingdom11 kt (est. 6%)Algeria8.1 kt (est. 4%)Iraq2.8 kt (est. 1%)Nigeria2.6 kt (est. 1%)Kazakhstan2.2 kt (est. 1%)Other crude origins7.3 kt (est. 4%)Denmark: crude not from imports53 kt (26%)United Kingdom: no crude data7.0 kt (4%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.9 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.3 kt (<1%)Denmark (own refineries)144 kt (72%)Netherlands23 kt (12%)Sweden18 kt (9%)Belgium7.0 kt (4%)United Kingdom7.0 kt (4%)Denmark: petrol supply199 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Denmark (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Sweden
- Belgium
- United Kingdom
- Norway56 kt (est. 28%)
- United States46 kt (est. 23%)
- United Kingdom11 kt (est. 6%)
- Algeria8.1 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq2.8 kt (est. 1%)
- Nigeria2.6 kt (est. 1%)
- Kazakhstan2.2 kt (est. 1%)
- Other crude origins7.3 kt (est. 4%)
- Denmark: crude not from imports53 kt (26%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data7.0 kt (4%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.9 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Denmark (own refineries) | Denmark: petrol supply | 144,000 | 72.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Denmark: petrol supply | 23,000 | 11.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Denmark: petrol supply | 18,000 | 9.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Denmark: petrol supply | 7,000 | 3.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Denmark: petrol supply | 7,000 | 3.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Denmark: crude not from imports | Denmark (own refineries) | 52,593 | 36.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Denmark (own refineries) | 39,302 | 27.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's petrol to Denmark split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Denmark (own refineries) | 37,508 | 26.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's petrol to Denmark split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 10,857 | 60.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Denmark split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Denmark (own refineries) | 8,072 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's petrol to Denmark split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 7,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Denmark (own refineries) | 6,523 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's petrol to Denmark split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 5,661 | 24.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Denmark split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 4,136 | 18.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Denmark split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 4,121 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Denmark split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 2,699 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Denmark split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 2,504 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Denmark split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 2,174 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Denmark split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 1,995 | 28.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Denmark split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 1,872 | 10.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 1,657 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Denmark split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 1,512 | 21.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Denmark split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 1,357 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Denmark split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 1,276 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Denmark split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 1,132 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Denmark split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 864 | 3.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 854 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Denmark split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 812 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Denmark split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 799 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Denmark split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 689 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Denmark split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 468 | 6.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 332 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Denmark split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 225 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Denmark split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Denmark’s supply of petrol in 2023-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-06 to 2023-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Denmark: crude not from imports (52,593 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- United Kingdom: no crude data (7,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,876 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,332 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.