Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2023, Denmark's jet fuel supply was 101 kt: 17% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Kuwait (36%), China (28%) and Indonesia (15%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (6%), and 85% cannot be traced.
Country
United States5.9 kt (est. 6%)Norway4.5 kt (est. 4%)United Kingdom2.4 kt (est. 2%)Kazakhstan0.5 kt (est. <1%)Angola0.4 kt (est. <1%)Iraq0.3 kt (est. <1%)Brazil0.2 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins0.8 kt (est. <1%)Kuwait: no crude data36 kt (36%)China: no crude data28 kt (28%)Indonesia: no crude data15 kt (15%)Denmark: crude not from imports6.7 kt (7%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Denmark (own refineries)17 kt (17%)Kuwait36 kt (36%)China28 kt (28%)Indonesia15 kt (15%)Belgium5.0 kt (5%)Denmark: jet fuel supply101 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Kuwait
- China
- Denmark (own refineries)
- Indonesia
- Belgium
- United States5.9 kt (est. 6%)
- Norway4.5 kt (est. 4%)
- United Kingdom2.4 kt (est. 2%)
- Kazakhstan0.5 kt (est. <1%)
- Angola0.4 kt (est. <1%)
- Iraq0.3 kt (est. <1%)
- Brazil0.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins0.8 kt (est. <1%)
- Kuwait: no crude data36 kt (36%)
- China: no crude data28 kt (28%)
- Indonesia: no crude data15 kt (15%)
- Denmark: crude not from imports6.7 kt (7%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuwait | Denmark: jet fuel supply | 36,000 | 35.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| China | Denmark: jet fuel supply | 28,000 | 27.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Denmark (own refineries) | Denmark: jet fuel supply | 17,000 | 16.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Indonesia | Denmark: jet fuel supply | 15,000 | 14.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Denmark: jet fuel supply | 5,000 | 5.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 36,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| China: no crude data | China | 28,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Indonesia: no crude data | Indonesia | 15,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Denmark: crude not from imports | Denmark (own refineries) | 6,687 | 39.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Denmark (own refineries) | 5,213 | 30.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's jet fuel to Denmark split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Denmark (own refineries) | 3,447 | 20.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's jet fuel to Denmark split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Denmark (own refineries) | 1,653 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's jet fuel to Denmark split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 1,079 | 21.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Denmark split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 769 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Denmark split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 734 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Denmark split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 706 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Denmark split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 470 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Denmark split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Belgium | 357 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Denmark split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 352 | 7.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 284 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Denmark split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 204 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Denmark split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 44 | 0.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Denmark’s supply of jet fuel in 2023-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-07 to 2023-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (36,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- China: no crude data (28,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Indonesia: no crude data (15,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Denmark: crude not from imports (6,687 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (352 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (44 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.