Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2023, Denmark's petrol supply was 230 kt: 89% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Sweden (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (29%), Norway (24%) and the United Kingdom (10%), and 36% cannot be traced.
Country
United States67 kt (est. 29%)Norway55 kt (est. 24%)United Kingdom22 kt (est. 10%)Nigeria1.1 kt (est. <1%)Iraq0.7 kt (est. <1%)Libya0.7 kt (est. <1%)Brazil0.4 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins0.9 kt (est. <1%)Denmark: crude not from imports80 kt (35%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)Denmark (own refineries)204 kt (89%)Sweden19 kt (8%)Netherlands7.0 kt (3%)Denmark: petrol supply230 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Denmark (own refineries)
- Sweden
- Netherlands
- United States67 kt (est. 29%)
- Norway55 kt (est. 24%)
- United Kingdom22 kt (est. 10%)
- Nigeria1.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Iraq0.7 kt (est. <1%)
- Libya0.7 kt (est. <1%)
- Brazil0.4 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins0.9 kt (est. <1%)
- Denmark: crude not from imports80 kt (35%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Denmark (own refineries) | Denmark: petrol supply | 204,000 | 88.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Sweden | Denmark: petrol supply | 19,000 | 8.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Denmark: petrol supply | 7,000 | 3.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Denmark: crude not from imports | Denmark (own refineries) | 80,240 | 39.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Denmark (own refineries) | 62,560 | 30.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's petrol to Denmark split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Denmark (own refineries) | 41,367 | 20.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's petrol to Denmark split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Denmark (own refineries) | 19,833 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's petrol to Denmark split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 12,198 | 64.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Denmark split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 2,471 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Denmark split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 2,001 | 28.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Denmark split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 1,619 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Denmark split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 1,455 | 7.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 1,222 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Denmark split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 997 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Denmark split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 906 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Denmark split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 731 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Denmark split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden | 673 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Denmark split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 585 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Denmark split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 489 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Denmark split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 431 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Denmark split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 167 | 2.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 55 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Denmark’s supply of petrol in 2023-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-07 to 2023-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Denmark: crude not from imports (80,240 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,510 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (167 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.