Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2023, Denmark's petrol supply was 237 kt: 81% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Sweden (6%) and Finland (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (40%), Norway (17%) and the United Kingdom (8%), and 28% cannot be traced.
Country
United States94 kt (est. 40%)Norway40 kt (est. 17%)United Kingdom19 kt (est. 8%)Nigeria13 kt (est. 5%)Brazil1.5 kt (est. <1%)Iraq1.0 kt (est. <1%)Libya0.9 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins1.3 kt (est. <1%)Denmark: crude not from imports51 kt (21%)Denmark: crude origin not reported8.6 kt (4%)United Kingdom: no crude data6.0 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.9 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Denmark (own refineries)193 kt (81%)Sweden15 kt (6%)Finland14 kt (6%)Netherlands9.0 kt (4%)United Kingdom6.0 kt (3%)Denmark: petrol supply237 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Denmark (own refineries)
- Sweden
- Finland
- Netherlands
- United Kingdom
- United States94 kt (est. 40%)
- Norway40 kt (est. 17%)
- United Kingdom19 kt (est. 8%)
- Nigeria13 kt (est. 5%)
- Brazil1.5 kt (est. <1%)
- Iraq1.0 kt (est. <1%)
- Libya0.9 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins1.3 kt (est. <1%)
- Denmark: crude not from imports51 kt (21%)
- Denmark: crude origin not reported8.6 kt (4%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data6.0 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.9 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Denmark (own refineries) | Denmark: petrol supply | 193,000 | 81.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Sweden | Denmark: petrol supply | 15,000 | 6.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Finland | Denmark: petrol supply | 14,000 | 5.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Denmark: petrol supply | 9,000 | 3.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Denmark: petrol supply | 6,000 | 2.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Denmark (own refineries) | 89,439 | 46.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's petrol to Denmark split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Denmark: crude not from imports | Denmark (own refineries) | 50,898 | 26.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Denmark (own refineries) | 18,045 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's petrol to Denmark split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Denmark (own refineries) | 15,397 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's petrol to Denmark split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Finland | 12,420 | 88.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's petrol to Denmark split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Denmark (own refineries) | 10,591 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's petrol to Denmark split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Denmark: crude origin not reported | Denmark (own refineries) | 8,630 | 4.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Sweden | 8,099 | 54.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Denmark split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 6,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 2,678 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Denmark split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 2,431 | 27.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Denmark split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 1,434 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Denmark split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 1,403 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Denmark split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 1,323 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Denmark split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 990 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Denmark split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 971 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Denmark split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 961 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Denmark split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 930 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Denmark split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden | 887 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Denmark split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 828 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Denmark split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 568 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's petrol to Denmark split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 567 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Finland | 556 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's petrol to Denmark split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Finland | 421 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's petrol to Denmark split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 326 | 2.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Sweden | 174 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Denmark split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Finland | 35 | 0.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Denmark’s supply of petrol in 2023-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-10 to 2023-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Denmark: crude not from imports (50,898 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Denmark: crude origin not reported (8,630 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- United Kingdom: no crude data (6,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (893 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (35 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.