Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2024, Denmark's jet fuel supply was 91 kt: 23% from its own refineries, with imports from Saudi Arabia (51%), the Netherlands (15%) and Poland (11%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (14%), Norway (10%) and Saudi Arabia (7%), and 60% cannot be traced.
Country
United States13 kt (est. 14%)Norway9.3 kt (est. 10%)Saudi Arabia6.6 kt (est. 7%)United Kingdom2.4 kt (est. 3%)Kazakhstan1.9 kt (est. 2%)Iraq1.2 kt (est. 1%)Brazil0.8 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins0.9 kt (est. 1%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data46 kt (51%)Denmark: crude not from imports7.4 kt (8%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported1.2 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)Denmark (own refineries)21 kt (23%)Saudi Arabia46 kt (51%)Netherlands14 kt (15%)Poland10 kt (11%)Denmark: jet fuel supply91 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Saudi Arabia
- Denmark (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Poland
- United States13 kt (est. 14%)
- Norway9.3 kt (est. 10%)
- Saudi Arabia6.6 kt (est. 7%)
- United Kingdom2.4 kt (est. 3%)
- Kazakhstan1.9 kt (est. 2%)
- Iraq1.2 kt (est. 1%)
- Brazil0.8 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins0.9 kt (est. 1%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data46 kt (51%)
- Denmark: crude not from imports7.4 kt (8%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported1.2 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia | Denmark: jet fuel supply | 46,000 | 50.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Denmark (own refineries) | Denmark: jet fuel supply | 21,000 | 23.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Denmark: jet fuel supply | 14,000 | 15.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Poland | Denmark: jet fuel supply | 10,000 | 11.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 46,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Denmark (own refineries) | 8,523 | 40.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's jet fuel to Denmark split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Denmark: crude not from imports | Denmark (own refineries) | 7,377 | 35.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Poland | 5,357 | 53.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Denmark split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Denmark (own refineries) | 4,141 | 19.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's jet fuel to Denmark split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 3,682 | 26.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Denmark split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Poland | 3,176 | 31.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Denmark split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 2,020 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Denmark split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 1,743 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Denmark split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 1,275 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Denmark split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 1,248 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Denmark split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,174 | 8.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 1,118 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Denmark split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Denmark (own refineries) | 959 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's jet fuel to Denmark split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 946 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Denmark split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Poland | 867 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Denmark split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 793 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Denmark split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Poland | 292 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Denmark split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Poland | 155 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Denmark split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Poland | 153 | 1.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Denmark’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-03 to 2024-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (46,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Denmark: crude not from imports (7,377 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (1,174 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (153 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.