Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2024, Denmark's jet fuel supply was 90 kt, all of it imported, from China (78%), the Netherlands (14%) and Belgium (8%); tracing one step back, no single crude origin reaches 5% of it, and 80% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway3.9 kt (est. 4%)United States3.7 kt (est. 4%)Kazakhstan2.4 kt (est. 3%)Brazil1.8 kt (est. 2%)United Kingdom1.6 kt (est. 2%)Iraq1.4 kt (est. 2%)Nigeria1.2 kt (est. 1%)Other crude origins1.9 kt (est. 2%)China: no crude data70 kt (78%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported1.1 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.9 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)China70 kt (78%)Netherlands13 kt (14%)Belgium7.0 kt (8%)Denmark: jet fuel supply90 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- China
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- Norway3.9 kt (est. 4%)
- United States3.7 kt (est. 4%)
- Kazakhstan2.4 kt (est. 3%)
- Brazil1.8 kt (est. 2%)
- United Kingdom1.6 kt (est. 2%)
- Iraq1.4 kt (est. 2%)
- Nigeria1.2 kt (est. 1%)
- Other crude origins1.9 kt (est. 2%)
- China: no crude data70 kt (78%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported1.1 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.9 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| China | Denmark: jet fuel supply | 70,000 | 77.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Denmark: jet fuel supply | 13,000 | 14.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Denmark: jet fuel supply | 7,000 | 7.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| China: no crude data | China | 70,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands | 2,701 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Denmark split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 2,307 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Denmark split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 1,558 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Denmark split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 1,502 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Denmark split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 1,189 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Denmark split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 1,134 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Denmark split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 1,128 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Denmark split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,064 | 8.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 1,039 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Denmark split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 978 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Denmark split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 904 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Denmark split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 868 | 12.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 839 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Denmark split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 757 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Denmark split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 595 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Denmark split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 486 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Denmark split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 476 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Denmark split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 285 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Denmark split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 178 | 1.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 10 | 0.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Denmark’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-07 to 2024-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- China: no crude data (70,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (1,064 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (868 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (188 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.