Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2025, Denmark's jet fuel supply was 138 kt: 18% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the South Korea (49%), the United States (17%) and the Netherlands (11%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (11%) and Norway (7%), and 76% cannot be traced.
Country
United States15 kt (est. 11%)Norway9.5 kt (est. 7%)United Kingdom2.2 kt (est. 2%)Kazakhstan1.8 kt (est. 1%)Iraq1.2 kt (est. <1%)Brazil1.1 kt (est. <1%)Canada0.6 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins1.4 kt (est. 1%)South Korea: no crude data68 kt (49%)United States: no crude data24 kt (17%)Denmark: crude not from imports6.3 kt (5%)Norway: no crude data6.0 kt (4%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.2 kt (<1%)Denmark (own refineries)25 kt (18%)South Korea68 kt (49%)United States24 kt (17%)Netherlands15 kt (11%)Norway6.0 kt (4%)Denmark: jet fuel supply138 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- South Korea
- Denmark (own refineries)
- United States
- Netherlands
- Norway
- United States15 kt (est. 11%)
- Norway9.5 kt (est. 7%)
- United Kingdom2.2 kt (est. 2%)
- Kazakhstan1.8 kt (est. 1%)
- Iraq1.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Brazil1.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Canada0.6 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins1.4 kt (est. 1%)
- South Korea: no crude data68 kt (49%)
- United States: no crude data24 kt (17%)
- Denmark: crude not from imports6.3 kt (5%)
- Norway: no crude data6.0 kt (4%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.2 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| South Korea | Denmark: jet fuel supply | 68,000 | 49.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Denmark (own refineries) | Denmark: jet fuel supply | 25,000 | 18.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United States | Denmark: jet fuel supply | 24,000 | 17.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Denmark: jet fuel supply | 15,000 | 10.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | Denmark: jet fuel supply | 6,000 | 4.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| South Korea: no crude data | South Korea | 68,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 24,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Denmark (own refineries) | 11,330 | 45.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's jet fuel to Denmark split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Denmark (own refineries) | 6,910 | 27.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's jet fuel to Denmark split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Denmark: crude not from imports | Denmark (own refineries) | 6,325 | 25.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway: no crude data | Norway | 6,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands | 3,358 | 22.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Denmark split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 2,548 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Denmark split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 1,833 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Denmark split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 1,776 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Denmark split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 1,424 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Denmark split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 1,225 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Denmark split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,154 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 1,066 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Denmark split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Netherlands | 616 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Denmark split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Denmark (own refineries) | 435 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's jet fuel to Denmark split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Denmark’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-06 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-04 to 2025-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- South Korea: no crude data (68,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (24,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Denmark: crude not from imports (6,325 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Norway: no crude data (6,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,154 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.