Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2025, Denmark's jet fuel supply was 96 kt: 25% from its own refineries, with imports from the Netherlands (40%) and France (35%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (25%), Norway (15%) and Kazakhstan (10%), and 13% cannot be traced.
Country
United States24 kt (est. 25%)Norway14 kt (est. 15%)Kazakhstan9.5 kt (est. 10%)Iraq6.0 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria5.8 kt (est. 6%)United Kingdom5.3 kt (est. 5%)Libya4.3 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins15 kt (est. 15%)Denmark: crude not from imports8.8 kt (9%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported3.2 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.6 kt (<1%)Denmark (own refineries)24 kt (25%)Netherlands38 kt (40%)France34 kt (35%)Denmark: jet fuel supply96 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands
- France
- Denmark (own refineries)
- United States24 kt (est. 25%)
- Norway14 kt (est. 15%)
- Kazakhstan9.5 kt (est. 10%)
- Iraq6.0 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria5.8 kt (est. 6%)
- United Kingdom5.3 kt (est. 5%)
- Libya4.3 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins15 kt (est. 15%)
- Denmark: crude not from imports8.8 kt (9%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported3.2 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.6 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands | Denmark: jet fuel supply | 38,000 | 39.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| France | Denmark: jet fuel supply | 34,000 | 35.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Denmark (own refineries) | Denmark: jet fuel supply | 24,000 | 25.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Denmark: crude not from imports | Denmark (own refineries) | 8,784 | 36.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Denmark (own refineries) | 8,747 | 36.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's jet fuel to Denmark split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 8,187 | 24.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Denmark split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 7,465 | 22.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Denmark split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 7,421 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Denmark split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 6,436 | 16.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Denmark split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 6,015 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Denmark split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Denmark (own refineries) | 5,844 | 24.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's jet fuel to Denmark split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 4,965 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Denmark split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 4,514 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Denmark split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 4,370 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Denmark split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 4,331 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Denmark split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 3,582 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Denmark split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 3,378 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Denmark split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 3,159 | 8.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | France | 2,630 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Denmark split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 2,467 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Denmark split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 2,256 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Denmark split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Denmark (own refineries) | 626 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's jet fuel to Denmark split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 562 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | France | 262 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Denmark split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Denmark’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-05 to 2025-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Denmark: crude not from imports (8,784 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (3,159 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (562 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.