Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2023, Estonia's road diesel supply was 80 kt, all of it imported, mainly from Lithuania (58%), Finland (20%) and the United States (19%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (24%), Saudi Arabia (23%) and Norway (23%), and 24% cannot be traced.
Country
United States19 kt (est. 24%)Saudi Arabia18 kt (est. 23%)Norway18 kt (est. 23%)United Kingdom4.0 kt (est. 5%)Algeria1.6 kt (est. 2%)United States: no crude data15 kt (19%)Latvia: no refinery3.0 kt (4%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.5 kt (<1%)Lithuania46 kt (58%)Finland16 kt (20%)United States15 kt (19%)Latvia3.0 kt (4%)Estonia: road diesel supply80 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Lithuania
- Finland
- United States
- Latvia
- United States19 kt (est. 24%)
- Saudi Arabia18 kt (est. 23%)
- Norway18 kt (est. 23%)
- United Kingdom4.0 kt (est. 5%)
- Algeria1.6 kt (est. 2%)
- United States: no crude data15 kt (19%)
- Latvia: no refinery3.0 kt (4%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.5 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lithuania | Estonia: road diesel supply | 46,000 | 57.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Finland | Estonia: road diesel supply | 16,000 | 20.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Estonia: road diesel supply | 15,000 | 18.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Latvia | Estonia: road diesel supply | 3,000 | 3.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia | Lithuania | 18,213 | 39.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Estonia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Lithuania | 16,513 | 35.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Estonia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 15,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Finland | 12,312 | 76.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Estonia split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Lithuania | 5,729 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Estonia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Lithuania | 3,407 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Estonia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Latvia: no refinery | Latvia | 3,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| United States | Finland | 2,487 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Estonia split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Lithuania | 1,599 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Estonia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 610 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Estonia split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Finland | 591 | 3.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Lithuania | 539 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Estonia’s supply of road diesel in 2023-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-06 to 2023-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United States: no crude data (15,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Latvia: no refinery (3,000 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (591 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (539 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.