Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2023, Estonia's road diesel supply was 61 kt, all of it imported, mainly from Finland (52%), Lithuania (34%) and Kazakhstan (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (47%), the United States (16%) and Saudi Arabia (10%), and 20% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway28 kt (est. 47%)United States9.9 kt (est. 16%)Saudi Arabia6.3 kt (est. 10%)United Kingdom2.3 kt (est. 4%)Brazil1.1 kt (est. 2%)Algeria0.7 kt (est. 1%)Iraq0.1 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins0.2 kt (est. <1%)Finland: crude not from imports4.4 kt (7%)Kazakhstan: no crude data4.0 kt (7%)Latvia: no refinery3.0 kt (5%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Finland32 kt (52%)Lithuania21 kt (34%)Kazakhstan4.0 kt (7%)Latvia3.0 kt (5%)Netherlands1.0 kt (2%)Estonia: road diesel supply61 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Finland
- Lithuania
- Kazakhstan
- Latvia
- Netherlands
- Norway28 kt (est. 47%)
- United States9.9 kt (est. 16%)
- Saudi Arabia6.3 kt (est. 10%)
- United Kingdom2.3 kt (est. 4%)
- Brazil1.1 kt (est. 2%)
- Algeria0.7 kt (est. 1%)
- Iraq0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins0.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Finland: crude not from imports4.4 kt (7%)
- Kazakhstan: no crude data4.0 kt (7%)
- Latvia: no refinery3.0 kt (5%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Finland | Estonia: road diesel supply | 32,000 | 52.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Lithuania | Estonia: road diesel supply | 21,000 | 34.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Estonia: road diesel supply | 4,000 | 6.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Latvia | Estonia: road diesel supply | 3,000 | 4.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Estonia: road diesel supply | 1,000 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Finland | 21,356 | 66.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Estonia split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Lithuania | 6,870 | 32.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Estonia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Lithuania | 6,308 | 30.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Estonia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Lithuania | 5,691 | 27.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Estonia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Finland: crude not from imports | Finland | 4,402 | 13.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan: no crude data | Kazakhstan | 4,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Finland | 3,939 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Estonia split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Latvia: no refinery | Latvia | 3,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 1,322 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Estonia split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Finland | 981 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Estonia split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Lithuania | 863 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Estonia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Lithuania | 709 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Estonia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Lithuania | 559 | 2.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Netherlands | 272 | 27.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Estonia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 177 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Estonia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 170 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Estonia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 119 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Estonia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 112 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Estonia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 93 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Estonia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 34 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 13 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Estonia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Netherlands | 10 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Estonia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Estonia’s supply of road diesel in 2023-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-08 to 2023-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Finland: crude not from imports (4,402 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Kazakhstan: no crude data (4,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Latvia: no refinery (3,000 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (559 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (34 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.