Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2025, Estonia's petrol supply was 22 kt, all of it imported, from Lithuania (82%), Finland (9%) and France (9%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Saudi Arabia (37%), Norway (32%) and the United Kingdom (11%), and 1% cannot be traced.
Country
Saudi Arabia8.2 kt (est. 37%)Norway7.1 kt (est. 32%)United Kingdom2.3 kt (est. 11%)Algeria1.6 kt (est. 7%)United States1.5 kt (est. 7%)Libya0.3 kt (est. 1%)Kazakhstan0.3 kt (est. 1%)Other crude origins0.7 kt (est. 3%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Lithuania18 kt (82%)France2.0 kt (9%)Finland2.0 kt (9%)Estonia: petrol supply22 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Saudi Arabia8.2 kt (est. 37%)
- Norway7.1 kt (est. 32%)
- United Kingdom2.3 kt (est. 11%)
- Algeria1.6 kt (est. 7%)
- United States1.5 kt (est. 7%)
- Libya0.3 kt (est. 1%)
- Kazakhstan0.3 kt (est. 1%)
- Other crude origins0.7 kt (est. 3%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lithuania | Estonia: petrol supply | 18,000 | 81.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Finland | Estonia: petrol supply | 2,000 | 9.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Estonia: petrol supply | 2,000 | 9.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia | Lithuania | 8,124 | 45.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Estonia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Lithuania | 5,329 | 29.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Estonia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Lithuania | 2,320 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Estonia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Finland | 1,612 | 80.6% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Estonia split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Algeria | Lithuania | 1,376 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Estonia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Lithuania | 740 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Estonia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 591 | 29.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Estonia split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 401 | 20.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Estonia split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Finland | 317 | 15.9% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Estonia split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Libya | France | 317 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Estonia split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 286 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Estonia split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France | 180 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Estonia split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 124 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Estonia split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Lithuania | 111 | 0.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Finland | 71 | 3.5% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Estonia split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 58 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Estonia split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 36 | 1.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 8 | 0.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Estonia’s supply of petrol in 2025-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2025-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-03 to 2025-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (147 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (8 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.