Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2023, Finland's road diesel supply was 486 kt: 76% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Sweden (17%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (77%), the United Kingdom (7%) and the United States (6%), and 1% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway375 kt (est. 77%)United Kingdom33 kt (est. 7%)United States31 kt (est. 6%)Brazil15 kt (est. 3%)Nigeria12 kt (est. 2%)Libya5.1 kt (est. 1%)Iraq3.2 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins6.5 kt (est. 1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported4.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Finland (own refineries)367 kt (76%)Sweden85 kt (est. 17%)Netherlands23 kt (est. 5%)Belgium10.0 kt (est. 2%)Italy0.5 kt (est. <1%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)Germanyless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)United Statesless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)Finland: road diesel supply486 kt (76%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Finland (own refineries)
- Sweden
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- Italy
- France
- Germany
- United States
- Norway375 kt (est. 77%)
- United Kingdom33 kt (est. 7%)
- United States31 kt (est. 6%)
- Brazil15 kt (est. 3%)
- Nigeria12 kt (est. 2%)
- Libya5.1 kt (est. 1%)
- Iraq3.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins6.5 kt (est. 1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported4.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Dec 2023)
6.5 thousand tonnes
est. 1% of Finland's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported6.5 kt estimated
Inferred · low
Refined in
- Netherlands3.4 kt (est. 53%)
- Belgium2.9 kt (est. 44%)
- Italy0.2 kt (est. 3%)
and 2 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Finland (own refineries) | Finland: road diesel supply | 367,000 | 75.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Sweden | Finland: road diesel supply | 84,697 | 17.4% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland reported no road diesel imports for the month but customs records show them with the quantities withheld; tonnes estimated from the published euro values (customs basis). |
| Netherlands | Finland: road diesel supply | 23,447 | 4.8% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland reported no road diesel imports for the month but customs records show them with the quantities withheld; tonnes estimated from the published euro values (customs basis). |
| Belgium | Finland: road diesel supply | 9,993 | 2.1% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland reported no road diesel imports for the month but customs records show them with the quantities withheld; tonnes estimated from the published euro values (customs basis). |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Finland (own refineries) | 325,574 | 88.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Finland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 45,728 | 54.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Finland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: low. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 15,120 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Finland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: low. |
| United Kingdom | Finland (own refineries) | 14,883 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Finland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Finland (own refineries) | 14,576 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Finland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Finland (own refineries) | 11,047 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Finland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 8,094 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Finland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: low. |
| United States | Sweden | 7,922 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Finland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: low. |
| United States | Netherlands | 6,334 | 27.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Finland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: low. |
| Libya | Sweden | 5,007 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Finland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: low. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 3,446 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Finland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: low. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 2,869 | 28.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Finland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: low. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 2,580 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Finland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: low. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 2,529 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Finland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: low. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 2,504 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Finland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: low. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 2,422 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Finland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: low. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 2,156 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Finland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: low. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 1,840 | 2.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Belgium | 1,805 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Finland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: low. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,477 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Belgium | 1,248 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Finland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: low. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 1,195 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Finland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: low. |
| Brazil | Sweden | 985 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Finland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: low. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Finland (own refineries) | 921 | 0.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 888 | 8.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 821 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Finland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: low. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 633 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Finland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: low. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 509 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Finland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: low. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 197 | 41.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Finland split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: low. |
| Libya | Italy | 75 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Finland split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: low. |
| United States | Italy | 53 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Finland split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: low. |
| Iraq | Italy | 51 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Finland split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: low. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 28 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Finland split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: low. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 26 | 0.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 24 | 5.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 23 | 4.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Italy | 13 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Finland split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: low. |
| Norway | Italy | 11 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Finland split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: low. |
| Brazil | Italy | 6 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Finland split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: low. |
| Other crude origins | France | 3 | 41.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Finland split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: low. |
| United States | France | 1 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Finland split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: low. |
| Nigeria | France | 1 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Finland split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: low. |
| Iraq | France | 0 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Finland split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: low. |
| Libya | France | 0 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Finland split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: low. |
| Norway | France | 0 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Finland split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: low. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 0 | 25.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Finland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: low. |
| United States | Germany | 0 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Finland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: low. |
| Brazil | France | 0 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Finland split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: low. |
| United Kingdom | France | 0 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Finland split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: low. |
| Norway | Germany | 0 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Finland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: low. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 0 | 1.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Germany | 0 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Finland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: low. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United States | 0 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 0 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany | 0 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Finland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: low. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 0 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Finland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: low. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 0 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Finland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: low. |
| Brazil | Germany | 0 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Finland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: low. |
4 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceLowMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · low
Provenance
Inferred · lowLow- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · low
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Finland’s supply of road diesel in 2023-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Dashed supplier links are imports estimated from published euro values: the country reported no imports of this fuel for the month, customs records show imports, and the customs quantities were withheld, so the tonnes are the customs euro values divided by the price other EU countries paid (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis: a supplier inside the EU is the country the fuel was shipped from. INFERRED. Method
Month: 2023-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-10 to 2023-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (4,229 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (971 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (0 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.