Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2025, Finland's road diesel supply was 464 kt: 80% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Sweden (10%) and Belgium (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (74%) and the United States (10%), and 6% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway343 kt (est. 74%)United States46 kt (est. 10%)United Kingdom20 kt (est. 4%)Guyana6.6 kt (est. 1%)Kazakhstan3.5 kt (est. <1%)Nigeria3.3 kt (est. <1%)Libya2.1 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins9.1 kt (est. 2%)Finland: crude not from imports12 kt (3%)Finland: crude origin not reported8.5 kt (2%)Denmark: crude not from imports5.7 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Finland (own refineries)373 kt (80%)Sweden48 kt (est. 10%)Belgium26 kt (est. 6%)Denmark17 kt (est. 4%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)United Statesless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)Singaporeless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)Finland: road diesel supply464 kt (80%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Finland (own refineries)
- Sweden
- Belgium
- Denmark
- France
- United States
- Singapore
- Norway343 kt (est. 74%)
- United States46 kt (est. 10%)
- United Kingdom20 kt (est. 4%)
- Guyana6.6 kt (est. 1%)
- Kazakhstan3.5 kt (est. <1%)
- Nigeria3.3 kt (est. <1%)
- Libya2.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins9.1 kt (est. 2%)
- Finland: crude not from imports12 kt (3%)
- Finland: crude origin not reported8.5 kt (2%)
- Denmark: crude not from imports5.7 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Mar 2025)
9.1 thousand tonnes
est. 2% of Finland's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported9.1 kt estimated
Inferred · mediumEstimated
Refined in
- Belgium6.5 kt (est. 72%)
- Sweden1.6 kt (est. 17%)
- Denmark1.0 kt (est. 11%)
and 2 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Finland (own refineries) | Finland: road diesel supply | 373,000 | 80.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Sweden | Finland: road diesel supply | 47,892 | 10.3% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland reported no road diesel imports for the month but customs records show them with the quantities withheld; tonnes estimated from the published euro values (customs basis). |
| Belgium | Finland: road diesel supply | 25,722 | 5.5% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland reported no road diesel imports for the month but customs records show them with the quantities withheld; tonnes estimated from the published euro values (customs basis). |
| Denmark | Finland: road diesel supply | 17,402 | 3.8% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland reported no road diesel imports for the month but customs records show them with the quantities withheld; tonnes estimated from the published euro values (customs basis). |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Finland (own refineries) | 304,965 | 81.8% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Finland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United States | Finland (own refineries) | 31,939 | 8.6% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Finland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Norway | Sweden | 26,505 | 55.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Finland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: low. |
| United Kingdom | Finland (own refineries) | 15,228 | 4.1% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Finland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Finland: crude not from imports | Finland (own refineries) | 12,408 | 3.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Finland: crude origin not reported | Finland (own refineries) | 8,460 | 2.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 6,526 | 25.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Finland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: low. |
| United States | Sweden | 6,365 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Finland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: low. |
| Norway | Denmark | 5,915 | 34.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Finland split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: low. |
| Denmark: crude not from imports | Denmark | 5,716 | 32.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Guyana | Sweden | 5,682 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Finland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: low. |
| Norway | Belgium | 5,451 | 21.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Finland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: low. |
| United States | Belgium | 4,216 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Finland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: low. |
| United States | Denmark | 3,962 | 22.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Finland split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: low. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 3,456 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Finland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: low. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 3,001 | 6.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 2,497 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Finland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: low. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 1,866 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Finland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: low. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 1,572 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Finland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: low. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 1,563 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Finland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: low. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 1,406 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Finland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: low. |
| Libya | Belgium | 1,248 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Finland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: low. |
| Other crude origins | Denmark | 977 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Finland split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: low. |
| Guyana | Belgium | 879 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Finland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: low. |
| Libya | Sweden | 864 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Finland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: low. |
| United Kingdom | Denmark | 821 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Finland split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: low. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 518 | 2.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | France | 1 | 24.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Finland split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: low. |
| United States | France | 1 | 23.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Finland split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: low. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 1 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Finland split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: low. |
| Nigeria | France | 0 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Finland split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: low. |
| Norway | France | 0 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Finland split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: low. |
| Libya | France | 0 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Finland split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: low. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United States | 0 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 0 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 0 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Singapore | 0 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
5 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceLowMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · low
Provenance
Inferred · lowLow- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · low
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Finland’s supply of road diesel in 2025-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Dashed supplier links are imports estimated from published euro values: the country reported no imports of this fuel for the month, customs records show imports, and the customs quantities were withheld, so the tonnes are the customs euro values divided by the price other EU countries paid (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis: a supplier inside the EU is the country the fuel was shipped from. INFERRED. Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2025-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-01 to 2025-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Finland: crude not from imports (12,408 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Finland: crude origin not reported (8,460 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Denmark: crude not from imports (5,716 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (3,001 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (529 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (0 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.