Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2025, Finland's road diesel supply was 506 kt: 78% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Sweden (13%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (74%), the United States (14%) and the United Kingdom (5%), and 1% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway373 kt (est. 74%)United States70 kt (est. 14%)United Kingdom26 kt (est. 5%)Guyana8.1 kt (est. 2%)Kazakhstan4.8 kt (est. <1%)Libya3.9 kt (est. <1%)Brazil2.4 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins11 kt (est. 2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.3 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.6 kt (<1%)Finland (own refineries)394 kt (78%)Sweden65 kt (est. 13%)Netherlands23 kt (est. 4%)Denmark15 kt (est. 3%)Belgium9.4 kt (est. 2%)Germanyless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)Finland: road diesel supply506 kt (78%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Finland (own refineries)
- Sweden
- Netherlands
- Denmark
- Belgium
- Germany
- Norway373 kt (est. 74%)
- United States70 kt (est. 14%)
- United Kingdom26 kt (est. 5%)
- Guyana8.1 kt (est. 2%)
- Kazakhstan4.8 kt (est. <1%)
- Libya3.9 kt (est. <1%)
- Brazil2.4 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins11 kt (est. 2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.3 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.6 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
Road diesel supplied (Apr 2025)
394.0 thousand tonnes
78% of Finland's road diesel supply
OfficialEstimated
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Norway328 kt (est. 83%)
- United States50 kt (est. 13%)
- United Kingdom16 kt (est. 4%)
and 1 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Finland (own refineries) | Finland: road diesel supply | 394,000 | 77.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Sweden | Finland: road diesel supply | 64,821 | 12.8% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland reported no road diesel imports for the month but customs records show them with the quantities withheld; tonnes estimated from the published euro values (customs basis). |
| Netherlands | Finland: road diesel supply | 22,748 | 4.5% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland reported no road diesel imports for the month but customs records show them with the quantities withheld; tonnes estimated from the published euro values (customs basis). |
| Denmark | Finland: road diesel supply | 14,793 | 2.9% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland reported no road diesel imports for the month but customs records show them with the quantities withheld; tonnes estimated from the published euro values (customs basis). |
| Belgium | Finland: road diesel supply | 9,389 | 1.9% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland reported no road diesel imports for the month but customs records show them with the quantities withheld; tonnes estimated from the published euro values (customs basis). |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Finland (own refineries) | 328,319 | 83.3% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Finland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United States | Finland (own refineries) | 49,663 | 12.6% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Finland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Norway | Sweden | 34,267 | 52.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Finland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: low. |
| United Kingdom | Finland (own refineries) | 16,018 | 4.1% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Finland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United States | Sweden | 9,177 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Finland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: low. |
| Guyana | Sweden | 7,905 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Finland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: low. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 6,338 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Finland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: low. |
| United States | Denmark | 5,353 | 36.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Finland split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: low. |
| United States | Netherlands | 4,623 | 20.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Finland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: low. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 4,414 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Finland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: low. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 4,010 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Finland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: low. |
| Norway | Denmark | 4,003 | 27.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Finland split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: low. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Denmark | 3,634 | 24.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 3,469 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Finland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: low. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 3,167 | 33.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Finland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: low. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 2,538 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Finland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: low. |
| Libya | Sweden | 2,495 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Finland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: low. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 2,136 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Finland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: low. |
| Norway | Belgium | 1,915 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Finland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: low. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 1,509 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,425 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Belgium | 1,422 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Finland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: low. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 1,348 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Finland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: low. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 1,319 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Finland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: low. |
| Brazil | Sweden | 995 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Finland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: low. |
| United Kingdom | Denmark | 980 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Finland split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: low. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 950 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Finland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: low. |
| Other crude origins | Denmark | 814 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Finland split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: low. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 489 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Finland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: low. |
| Libya | Belgium | 444 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Finland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: low. |
| Guyana | Belgium | 202 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Finland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: low. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 187 | 2.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 114 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 102 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Finland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: low. |
| Norway | Germany | 0 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Finland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: low. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 0 | 18.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Finland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: low. |
| United States | Germany | 0 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Finland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: low. |
| Libya | Germany | 0 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Finland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: low. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 0 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Finland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: low. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 0 | 10.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 0 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Finland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: low. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 0 | 3.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Germany | 0 | 0.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Finland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: low. |
3 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceLowMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · low
Provenance
Inferred · lowLow- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · low
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Finland’s supply of road diesel in 2025-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Dashed supplier links are imports estimated from published euro values: the country reported no imports of this fuel for the month, customs records show imports, and the customs quantities were withheld, so the tonnes are the customs euro values divided by the price other EU countries paid (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis: a supplier inside the EU is the country the fuel was shipped from. INFERRED. Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2025-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-02 to 2025-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (5,256 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,622 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.