Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2024, Finland's road diesel supply was 319 kt: 10% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Sweden (31%), Portugal (25%) and Qatar (13%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (27%), Brazil (11%) and the United States (10%), and 26% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway86 kt (est. 27%)Brazil36 kt (est. 11%)United States33 kt (est. 10%)United Kingdom24 kt (est. 7%)Algeria17 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria13 kt (est. 4%)Azerbaijan9.3 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins19 kt (est. 6%)Qatar: no crude data42 kt (13%)United States: no crude data16 kt (5%)Estonia: no refinery15 kt (5%)Sweden: crude origin not reported5.6 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Finland (own refineries)33 kt (10%)Sweden98 kt (est. 31%)Portugal80 kt (est. 25%)Qatar42 kt (est. 13%)Netherlands30 kt (est. 9%)United States16 kt (est. 5%)Estonia15 kt (est. 5%)Belgium4.1 kt (est. 1%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)Germanyless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)Finland: road diesel supply319 kt (10%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Sweden
- Portugal
- Qatar
- Finland (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- United States
- Estonia
- Belgium
- Other (2)
- Norway86 kt (est. 27%)
- Brazil36 kt (est. 11%)
- United States33 kt (est. 10%)
- United Kingdom24 kt (est. 7%)
- Algeria17 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria13 kt (est. 4%)
- Azerbaijan9.3 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins19 kt (est. 6%)
- Qatar: no crude data42 kt (13%)
- United States: no crude data16 kt (5%)
- Estonia: no refinery15 kt (5%)
- Sweden: crude origin not reported5.6 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Apr 2024)
33.4 thousand tonnes
est. 10% of Finland's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported33 kt estimated
Inferred · low
Last shipped from
- Sweden17 kt (est. 50%)
- Netherlands8.0 kt (est. 24%)
- Portugal6.6 kt (est. 20%)
and 4 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sweden | Finland: road diesel supply | 97,931 | 30.7% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland reported no road diesel imports for the month but customs records show them with the quantities withheld; tonnes estimated from the published euro values (customs basis). |
| Portugal | Finland: road diesel supply | 80,259 | 25.2% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland reported no road diesel imports for the month but customs records show them with the quantities withheld; tonnes estimated from the published euro values (customs basis). |
| Qatar | Finland: road diesel supply | 42,426 | 13.3% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland reported no road diesel imports for the month but customs records show them with the quantities withheld; tonnes estimated from the published euro values (customs basis). |
| Finland (own refineries) | Finland: road diesel supply | 33,000 | 10.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Finland: road diesel supply | 29,785 | 9.3% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland reported no road diesel imports for the month but customs records show them with the quantities withheld; tonnes estimated from the published euro values (customs basis). |
| United States | Finland: road diesel supply | 16,432 | 5.1% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland reported no road diesel imports for the month but customs records show them with the quantities withheld; tonnes estimated from the published euro values (customs basis). |
| Estonia | Finland: road diesel supply | 15,191 | 4.8% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland reported no road diesel imports for the month but customs records show them with the quantities withheld; tonnes estimated from the published euro values (customs basis). |
| Belgium | Finland: road diesel supply | 4,072 | 1.3% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland reported no road diesel imports for the month but customs records show them with the quantities withheld; tonnes estimated from the published euro values (customs basis). |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Sweden | 53,106 | 54.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Finland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: low. |
| Qatar: no crude data | Qatar | 42,426 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Brazil | Portugal | 33,602 | 41.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Finland split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: low. |
| Norway | Finland (own refineries) | 25,204 | 76.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Finland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal | 16,963 | 21.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Finland split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: low. |
| United States | Sweden | 16,535 | 16.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Finland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: low. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 16,432 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 15,347 | 15.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Finland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: low. |
| Estonia: no refinery | Estonia | 15,191 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 9,675 | 32.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Finland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: low. |
| Azerbaijan | Portugal | 9,246 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Finland split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: low. |
| Nigeria | Portugal | 8,144 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Finland split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: low. |
| United States | Netherlands | 7,995 | 26.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Finland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: low. |
| United States | Portugal | 6,594 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Finland split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: low. |
| United Kingdom | Finland (own refineries) | 6,276 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Finland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Sweden: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 5,569 | 5.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 4,769 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Finland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: low. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 4,146 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Finland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: low. |
| Norway | Portugal | 2,900 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Finland split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: low. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal | 2,811 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Finland split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: low. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 2,605 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Finland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: low. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 2,284 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 2,080 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Finland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: low. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 2,004 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Finland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: low. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 1,824 | 44.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Finland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: low. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 1,601 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Finland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: low. |
| United States | Finland (own refineries) | 1,520 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Finland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 739 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Finland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: low. |
| Norway | Belgium | 586 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Finland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: low. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 365 | 9.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 242 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Finland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: low. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 171 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Finland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: low. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 128 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Finland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: low. |
| Azerbaijan | Belgium | 18 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Finland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: low. |
| Other crude origins | France | 1 | 40.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Finland split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: low. |
| United States | France | 0 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Finland split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: low. |
| Nigeria | France | 0 | 16.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Finland split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: low. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 0 | 34.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Finland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: low. |
| Algeria | France | 0 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Finland split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: low. |
| Norway | France | 0 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Finland split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: low. |
| United States | Germany | 0 | 18.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Finland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: low. |
| Norway | Germany | 0 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Finland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: low. |
| Brazil | France | 0 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Finland split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: low. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 0 | 9.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 0 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Finland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: low. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 0 | 1.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | France | 0 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Finland split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: low. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 0 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Finland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: low. |
| Azerbaijan | France | 0 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Finland split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: low. |
| Algeria | Germany | 0 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Finland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: low. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 0 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Finland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: low. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 0 | 1.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Germany | 0 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Finland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: low. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceLowMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · low
Provenance
Inferred · lowLow- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · low
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Finland’s supply of road diesel in 2024-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Dashed supplier links are imports estimated from published euro values: the country reported no imports of this fuel for the month, customs records show imports, and the customs quantities were withheld, so the tonnes are the customs euro values divided by the price other EU countries paid (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis: a supplier inside the EU is the country the fuel was shipped from. INFERRED. Method
Month: 2024-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-02 to 2024-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Qatar: no crude data (42,426 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (16,432 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Estonia: no refinery (15,191 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Sweden: crude origin not reported (5,569 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,649 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (0 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.