Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2023, Finland's petrol supply was 422 kt: 86% from its own refineries, with imports from Sweden (14%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (84%) and the United Kingdom (6%), and 1% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway355 kt (est. 84%)United Kingdom25 kt (est. 6%)United States20 kt (est. 5%)Brazil12 kt (est. 3%)Nigeria5.4 kt (est. 1%)Libya3.4 kt (est. <1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.9 kt (<1%)Finland (own refineries)365 kt (86%)Sweden57 kt (14%)Finland: petrol supply422 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Finland (own refineries)
- Sweden
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Finland (own refineries) | Finland: petrol supply | 365,000 | 86.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Sweden | Finland: petrol supply | 57,000 | 13.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Finland (own refineries) | 323,800 | 88.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's petrol to Finland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 30,774 | 54.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Finland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Finland (own refineries) | 14,801 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's petrol to Finland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Finland (own refineries) | 14,496 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's petrol to Finland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Finland (own refineries) | 10,987 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's petrol to Finland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 10,176 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Finland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 5,447 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Finland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 5,331 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Finland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden | 3,370 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Finland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 1,238 | 2.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Finland (own refineries) | 916 | 0.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Sweden | 663 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Finland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Finland’s supply of petrol in 2023-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-10 to 2023-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,238 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (916 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.