Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2024, Finland's jet fuel supply was 94 kt: 93% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Belgium (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (76%) and the United Kingdom (14%), and 2% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway71 kt (est. 76%)United Kingdom14 kt (est. 14%)United States4.5 kt (est. 5%)Kazakhstan0.7 kt (est. <1%)Saudi Arabia0.6 kt (est. <1%)Nigeria0.4 kt (est. <1%)Angola0.3 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins1.0 kt (est. 1%)Estonia: no refinery1.0 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)Finland (own refineries)87 kt (93%)Belgium6.0 kt (6%)Estonia1.0 kt (1%)Finland: jet fuel supply94 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Finland (own refineries)
- Belgium
- Estonia
- Norway71 kt (est. 76%)
- United Kingdom14 kt (est. 14%)
- United States4.5 kt (est. 5%)
- Kazakhstan0.7 kt (est. <1%)
- Saudi Arabia0.6 kt (est. <1%)
- Nigeria0.4 kt (est. <1%)
- Angola0.3 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins1.0 kt (est. 1%)
- Estonia: no refinery1.0 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Finland (own refineries) | Finland: jet fuel supply | 87,000 | 92.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Finland: jet fuel supply | 6,000 | 6.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Estonia | Finland: jet fuel supply | 1,000 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Finland (own refineries) | 70,550 | 81.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's jet fuel to Finland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Finland (own refineries) | 13,237 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's jet fuel to Finland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Finland (own refineries) | 3,213 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's jet fuel to Finland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 1,250 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Finland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Estonia: no refinery | Estonia | 1,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 969 | 16.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Finland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 902 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Finland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 691 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Finland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 649 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Finland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 450 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Finland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 435 | 7.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 341 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Finland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Belgium | 313 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Finland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Finland’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2024-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-01 to 2024-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Estonia: no refinery (1,000 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (435 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.