Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2024, Finland's jet fuel supply was 59 kt: 15% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from India (27%), Kuwait (25%) and Saudi Arabia (22%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (14%), and 76% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway8.5 kt (est. 14%)United Kingdom1.4 kt (est. 2%)United States1.0 kt (est. 2%)Kazakhstan0.9 kt (est. 1%)Saudi Arabia0.7 kt (est. 1%)Nigeria0.4 kt (est. <1%)Brazil0.2 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins1.2 kt (est. 2%)India: no crude data16 kt (27%)Kuwait: no crude data15 kt (25%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data13 kt (22%)Belgium: crude origin not reported0.7 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Finland (own refineries)9.0 kt (15%)India16 kt (27%)Kuwait15 kt (25%)Saudi Arabia13 kt (22%)Belgium6.0 kt (10%)Finland: jet fuel supply59 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- India
- Kuwait
- Saudi Arabia
- Finland (own refineries)
- Belgium
- Norway8.5 kt (est. 14%)
- United Kingdom1.4 kt (est. 2%)
- United States1.0 kt (est. 2%)
- Kazakhstan0.9 kt (est. 1%)
- Saudi Arabia0.7 kt (est. 1%)
- Nigeria0.4 kt (est. <1%)
- Brazil0.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins1.2 kt (est. 2%)
- India: no crude data16 kt (27%)
- Kuwait: no crude data15 kt (25%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data13 kt (22%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported0.7 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| India | Finland: jet fuel supply | 16,000 | 27.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Finland: jet fuel supply | 15,000 | 25.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Finland: jet fuel supply | 13,000 | 22.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Finland (own refineries) | Finland: jet fuel supply | 9,000 | 15.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Finland: jet fuel supply | 6,000 | 10.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| India: no crude data | India | 16,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 15,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 13,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Finland (own refineries) | 7,678 | 85.3% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's jet fuel to Finland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United Kingdom | Finland (own refineries) | 1,322 | 14.7% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's jet fuel to Finland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 1,158 | 19.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Finland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 952 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Finland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 878 | 14.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Finland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 862 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Finland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 727 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Finland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 697 | 11.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 361 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Finland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 218 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Finland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 108 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Finland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 39 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Finland’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2024-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-03 to 2024-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- India: no crude data (16,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (15,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (13,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (697 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (39 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.