Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2024, Finland's jet fuel supply was 118 kt: 69% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the South Korea (14%) and the United Arab Emirates (13%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (42%), the United Kingdom (12%) and the United States (9%), and 31% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway50 kt (est. 42%)United Kingdom14 kt (est. 12%)United States11 kt (est. 9%)Guyana4.1 kt (est. 3%)Denmark3.2 kt (est. 3%)South Korea: no crude data16 kt (14%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data15 kt (13%)Kuwait: no crude data5.0 kt (4%)Finland (own refineries)82 kt (69%)South Korea16 kt (14%)United Arab Emirates15 kt (13%)Kuwait5.0 kt (4%)Finland: jet fuel supply118 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Finland (own refineries)
- South Korea
- United Arab Emirates
- Kuwait
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Finland (own refineries) | Finland: jet fuel supply | 82,000 | 69.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| South Korea | Finland: jet fuel supply | 16,000 | 13.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Finland: jet fuel supply | 15,000 | 12.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Finland: jet fuel supply | 5,000 | 4.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Finland (own refineries) | 50,061 | 61.0% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's jet fuel to Finland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| South Korea: no crude data | South Korea | 16,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 15,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Finland (own refineries) | 14,100 | 17.2% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's jet fuel to Finland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United States | Finland (own refineries) | 10,548 | 12.9% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's jet fuel to Finland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 5,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Guyana | Finland (own refineries) | 4,116 | 5.0% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's jet fuel to Finland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Denmark | Finland (own refineries) | 3,176 | 3.9% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's jet fuel to Finland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Finland’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2024-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-09 to 2024-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- South Korea: no crude data (16,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (15,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (5,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.