Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2024, Finland's jet fuel supply was 96 kt: 72% from its own refineries, with imports from the United States (21%) and the Netherlands (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (60%), the United Kingdom (10%) and the United States (5%), and 21% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway58 kt (est. 60%)United Kingdom9.8 kt (est. 10%)United States5.1 kt (est. 5%)Brazil0.7 kt (est. <1%)Iraq0.7 kt (est. <1%)Kazakhstan0.5 kt (est. <1%)Libya0.2 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins0.5 kt (est. <1%)United States: no crude data20 kt (21%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)Finland (own refineries)69 kt (72%)United States20 kt (21%)Netherlands7.0 kt (7%)Finland: jet fuel supply96 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Finland (own refineries)
- United States
- Netherlands
- Norway58 kt (est. 60%)
- United Kingdom9.8 kt (est. 10%)
- United States5.1 kt (est. 5%)
- Brazil0.7 kt (est. <1%)
- Iraq0.7 kt (est. <1%)
- Kazakhstan0.5 kt (est. <1%)
- Libya0.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins0.5 kt (est. <1%)
- United States: no crude data20 kt (21%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Finland (own refineries) | Finland: jet fuel supply | 69,000 | 71.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United States | Finland: jet fuel supply | 20,000 | 20.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Finland: jet fuel supply | 7,000 | 7.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Finland (own refineries) | 56,862 | 82.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's jet fuel to Finland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 20,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Finland (own refineries) | 9,123 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's jet fuel to Finland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Finland (own refineries) | 3,015 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's jet fuel to Finland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 2,050 | 29.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Finland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 1,051 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Finland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 740 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Finland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 734 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Finland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 715 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Finland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 533 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Finland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 515 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Finland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 433 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 228 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Finland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Finland’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-10 to 2024-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United States: no crude data (20,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (433 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.