Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2025, Finland's jet fuel supply was 96 kt: 66% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Belgium (19%) and the Netherlands (14%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (61%), the United States (16%) and Kazakhstan (5%), and 1% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway59 kt (est. 61%)United States16 kt (est. 16%)Kazakhstan5.1 kt (est. 5%)United Kingdom2.3 kt (est. 2%)Denmark2.3 kt (est. 2%)Canada2.2 kt (est. 2%)Nigeria1.7 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins7.3 kt (est. 8%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.0 kt (1%)Finland (own refineries)64 kt (66%)Belgium18 kt (est. 19%)Netherlands14 kt (est. 14%)Sweden0.4 kt (est. <1%)Finland: jet fuel supply96 kt (66%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Finland (own refineries)
- Belgium
- Netherlands
- Sweden
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Finland (own refineries) | Finland: jet fuel supply | 64,000 | 66.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Finland: jet fuel supply | 18,342 | 19.0% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland reported no jet fuel imports for the month but customs records show them with the quantities withheld; tonnes estimated from the published euro values (customs basis). |
| Netherlands | Finland: jet fuel supply | 13,644 | 14.2% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland reported no jet fuel imports for the month but customs records show them with the quantities withheld; tonnes estimated from the published euro values (customs basis). |
| Sweden | Finland: jet fuel supply | 400 | 0.4% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland reported no jet fuel imports for the month but customs records show them with the quantities withheld; tonnes estimated from the published euro values (customs basis). |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Finland (own refineries) | 51,595 | 80.6% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's jet fuel to Finland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United States | Finland (own refineries) | 10,149 | 15.9% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's jet fuel to Finland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 4,573 | 24.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Finland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: low. |
| Norway | Belgium | 4,266 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Finland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: low. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 3,038 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Finland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: low. |
| United States | Belgium | 2,986 | 16.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Finland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: low. |
| United States | Netherlands | 2,699 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Finland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: low. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 2,628 | 19.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Finland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: low. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 2,595 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Finland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: low. |
| Denmark | Finland (own refineries) | 2,256 | 3.5% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's jet fuel to Finland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 2,075 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Finland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: low. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 1,545 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Finland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: low. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 1,341 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Finland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: low. |
| Canada | Belgium | 1,319 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Finland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: low. |
| Canada | Netherlands | 900 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Finland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: low. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 819 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 658 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Finland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: low. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 384 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Finland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: low. |
| Norway | Sweden | 209 | 52.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Finland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: low. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 161 | 0.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 67 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Finland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: low. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 58 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Finland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: low. |
| United States | Sweden | 52 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Finland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: low. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 12 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Finland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: low. |
| Denmark | Sweden | 3 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Finland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: low. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceLowMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · low
Provenance
Inferred · lowLow- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · low
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Finland’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Dashed supplier links are imports estimated from published euro values: the country reported no imports of this fuel for the month, customs records show imports, and the customs quantities were withheld, so the tonnes are the customs euro values divided by the price other EU countries paid (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis: a supplier inside the EU is the country the fuel was shipped from. INFERRED. Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2025-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-03 to 2025-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (980 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.