Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2025, Finland's jet fuel supply was 84 kt: 90% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (72%), the United States (16%) and Denmark (6%), and 1% cannot be traced.
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Finland (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Sweden
- Latvia
- Norway61 kt (est. 72%)
- United States14 kt (est. 16%)
- Denmark4.9 kt (est. 6%)
- Kazakhstan1.0 kt (est. 1%)
- United Kingdom0.8 kt (est. <1%)
- Brazil0.7 kt (est. <1%)
- Iraq0.6 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins1.2 kt (est. 1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no refineryless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Finland (own refineries) | Finland: jet fuel supply | 76,000 | 90.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Finland: jet fuel supply | 7,087 | 8.4% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland reported no jet fuel imports for the month but customs records show them with the quantities withheld; tonnes estimated from the published euro values (customs basis). |
| Sweden | Finland: jet fuel supply | 918 | 1.1% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland reported no jet fuel imports for the month but customs records show them with the quantities withheld; tonnes estimated from the published euro values (customs basis). |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Finland (own refineries) | 59,042 | 77.7% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's jet fuel to Finland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United States | Finland (own refineries) | 12,108 | 15.9% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's jet fuel to Finland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Denmark | Finland (own refineries) | 4,851 | 6.4% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's jet fuel to Finland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United States | Netherlands | 1,336 | 18.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Finland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: low. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 1,234 | 17.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Finland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: low. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 1,051 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Finland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: low. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 1,005 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Finland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: low. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 685 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Finland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: low. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 684 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Finland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: low. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 573 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Finland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: low. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 520 | 7.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Sweden | 460 | 50.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Finland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: low. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 153 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Finland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: low. |
| United States | Sweden | 120 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Finland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: low. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 104 | 11.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 82 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Finland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: low. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Latvia | 0 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
EurostatInferred · low
Provenance
Inferred · lowLow- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · low
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Finland’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Dashed supplier links are imports estimated from published euro values: the country reported no imports of this fuel for the month, customs records show imports, and the customs quantities were withheld, so the tonnes are the customs euro values divided by the price other EU countries paid (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis: a supplier inside the EU is the country the fuel was shipped from. INFERRED. Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2025-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-06 to 2025-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (520 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (104 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (0 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.