Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2025, Finland's petrol supply was 400 kt: 87% from its own refineries, with imports from Sweden (13%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (74%), the United States (16%) and Denmark (6%), and 1% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway296 kt (est. 74%)United States62 kt (est. 16%)Denmark22 kt (est. 6%)Guyana6.3 kt (est. 2%)United Kingdom4.7 kt (est. 1%)Nigeria1.6 kt (est. <1%)Libya0.9 kt (est. <1%)Sweden: crude not from imports6.0 kt (1%)Finland (own refineries)347 kt (87%)Sweden53 kt (13%)Finland: petrol supply400 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Finland (own refineries)
- Sweden
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Finland (own refineries) | Finland: petrol supply | 347,000 | 86.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Sweden | Finland: petrol supply | 53,000 | 13.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Finland (own refineries) | 269,572 | 77.7% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Finland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United States | Finland (own refineries) | 55,281 | 15.9% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Finland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Norway | Sweden | 26,540 | 50.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Finland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Denmark | Finland (own refineries) | 22,147 | 6.4% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Finland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United States | Sweden | 6,932 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Finland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Sweden | 6,280 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Finland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Sweden: crude not from imports | Sweden | 5,983 | 11.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 4,733 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Finland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 1,611 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Finland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden | 921 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Finland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Finland’s supply of petrol in 2025-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2025-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-06 to 2025-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Sweden: crude not from imports (5,983 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.