Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2023, France's petrol supply was 1,076 kt: 74% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (13%) and Spain (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (15%), Nigeria (12%) and Kazakhstan (10%), and 8% cannot be traced.
Country
United States160 kt (est. 15%)Nigeria125 kt (est. 12%)Kazakhstan106 kt (est. 10%)Norway101 kt (est. 9%)Saudi Arabia98 kt (est. 9%)Libya86 kt (est. 8%)Iraq85 kt (est. 8%)Other crude origins231 kt (est. 22%)France: crude origin not reported42 kt (4%)Smaller flows: no crude data19 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported11 kt (1%)Origin not reported: crude unknown6.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.3 kt (<1%)France (own refineries)793 kt (74%)Netherlands143 kt (13%)Spain56 kt (5%)Belgium34 kt (3%)Germany23 kt (2%)Malaysia9.0 kt (<1%)United States8.0 kt (<1%)United Arab Emirates2.0 kt (<1%)Sweden1.0 kt (<1%)Poland1.0 kt (<1%)Imports, origin not reported6.0 kt (<1%)France: petrol supply1.08 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Spain
- Belgium
- Germany
- Malaysia
- United States
- United Arab Emirates
- Other (3)
- United States160 kt (est. 15%)
- Nigeria125 kt (est. 12%)
- Kazakhstan106 kt (est. 10%)
- Norway101 kt (est. 9%)
- Saudi Arabia98 kt (est. 9%)
- Libya86 kt (est. 8%)
- Iraq85 kt (est. 8%)
- Other crude origins231 kt (est. 22%)
- France: crude origin not reported42 kt (4%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data19 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported11 kt (1%)
- Origin not reported: crude unknown6.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France (own refineries) | France: petrol supply | 793,000 | 73.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | France: petrol supply | 143,000 | 13.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | France: petrol supply | 56,000 | 5.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | France: petrol supply | 34,000 | 3.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | France: petrol supply | 23,000 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Malaysia | France: petrol supply | 9,000 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | France: petrol supply | 8,000 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Imports, origin not reported | France: petrol supply | 6,000 | 0.6% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| United Arab Emirates | France: petrol supply | 2,000 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | France (own refineries) | 159,918 | 20.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France (own refineries) | 110,037 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France (own refineries) | 107,840 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France (own refineries) | 85,742 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France (own refineries) | 80,767 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France (own refineries) | 78,570 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France (own refineries) | 63,450 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France (own refineries) | 60,672 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| France: crude origin not reported | France (own refineries) | 41,740 | 5.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Netherlands | 33,738 | 23.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 30,703 | 21.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 26,725 | 18.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 23,402 | 41.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 16,320 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 12,503 | 36.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 10,295 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 9,296 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Malaysia | 9,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Spain | 8,692 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 8,031 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United States | 8,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 7,891 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 7,229 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 7,101 | 20.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Origin not reported: crude unknown | Imports, origin not reported | 6,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe statistics did not say which country these imports came from. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 4,688 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 4,600 | 20.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 4,287 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France (own refineries) | 4,264 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 4,115 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 4,023 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 3,790 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 3,679 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 3,192 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 3,153 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 2,901 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 2,639 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 2,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 1,893 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 1,828 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1,649 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 1,191 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 1,159 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 1,086 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 958 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 957 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 738 | 3.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Sweden | 639 | 63.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 530 | 0.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 494 | 0.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 420 | 1.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Poland | 399 | 39.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to France split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Poland | 353 | 35.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to France split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 147 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 107 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 104 | 0.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Poland | 86 | 8.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Poland | 75 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to France split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Poland | 72 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to France split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 55 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 34 | 3.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Sweden | 19 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Poland | 16 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to France split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: France’s supply of petrol in 2023-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-05 to 2023-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- France: crude origin not reported (41,740 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (19,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (11,156 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Origin not reported: crude unknown (6,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (5,333 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Imports, origin not reported (6,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.