Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2023, France's jet fuel supply was 857 kt: 41% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Kuwait (24%), the South Korea (9%) and India (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (8%) and Nigeria (5%), and 59% cannot be traced.
Country
United States64 kt (est. 8%)Nigeria44 kt (est. 5%)Saudi Arabia38 kt (est. 4%)Kazakhstan37 kt (est. 4%)Algeria35 kt (est. 4%)Libya33 kt (est. 4%)Iraq31 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins67 kt (est. 8%)Kuwait: no crude data206 kt (24%)South Korea: no crude data74 kt (9%)India: no crude data64 kt (7%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data43 kt (5%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data41 kt (5%)Türkiye: no crude data33 kt (4%)France: crude origin not reported19 kt (2%)United States: no crude data13 kt (2%)Singapore: no crude data11 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.7 kt (<1%)France (own refineries)350 kt (41%)Kuwait206 kt (24%)South Korea74 kt (9%)India64 kt (7%)United Arab Emirates43 kt (5%)Saudi Arabia41 kt (5%)Türkiye33 kt (4%)United States13 kt (2%)Singapore11 kt (1%)Netherlands8.0 kt (<1%)Other suppliers14 kt (2%)France: jet fuel supply857 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France (own refineries)
- Kuwait
- South Korea
- India
- United Arab Emirates
- Saudi Arabia
- Türkiye
- United States
- Other (5)
- United States64 kt (est. 8%)
- Nigeria44 kt (est. 5%)
- Saudi Arabia38 kt (est. 4%)
- Kazakhstan37 kt (est. 4%)
- Algeria35 kt (est. 4%)
- Libya33 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq31 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins67 kt (est. 8%)
- Kuwait: no crude data206 kt (24%)
- South Korea: no crude data74 kt (9%)
- India: no crude data64 kt (7%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data43 kt (5%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data41 kt (5%)
- Türkiye: no crude data33 kt (4%)
- France: crude origin not reported19 kt (2%)
- United States: no crude data13 kt (2%)
- Singapore: no crude data11 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.7 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France (own refineries) | France: jet fuel supply | 350,000 | 40.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Kuwait | France: jet fuel supply | 206,000 | 24.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| South Korea | France: jet fuel supply | 74,000 | 8.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | France: jet fuel supply | 64,000 | 7.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | France: jet fuel supply | 43,000 | 5.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | France: jet fuel supply | 41,000 | 4.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | France: jet fuel supply | 33,000 | 3.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | France: jet fuel supply | 14,000 | 1.6% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| United States | France: jet fuel supply | 13,000 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | France: jet fuel supply | 11,000 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | France: jet fuel supply | 8,000 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 206,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| South Korea: no crude data | South Korea | 74,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| India: no crude data | India | 64,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | France (own refineries) | 60,320 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France (own refineries) | 57,552 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 43,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | France (own refineries) | 42,452 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 41,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia | France (own refineries) | 37,135 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France (own refineries) | 35,244 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France (own refineries) | 34,915 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 33,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | France (own refineries) | 32,366 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France (own refineries) | 29,215 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| France: crude origin not reported | France (own refineries) | 19,266 | 5.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 13,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 11,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 6,547 | 139.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 3,351 | 41.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 2,048 | 43.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 1,969 | 24.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France (own refineries) | 1,535 | 0.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 1,272 | 30.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 991 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 871 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 853 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Other suppliers | 759 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 723 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 576 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 472 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 460 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 422 | 10.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 301 | 3.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Algeria | Other suppliers | 275 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 112 | 3.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: France’s supply of jet fuel in 2023-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-06 to 2023-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (206,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- South Korea: no crude data (74,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (64,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (43,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (41,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (33,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- France: crude origin not reported (19,266 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- United States: no crude data (13,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Singapore: no crude data (11,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,647 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (722 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.